Discovery, Structure-Based Modification, In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Exploration of m-Sulfamoyl Benzoamide Derivatives as Selective Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors for Treating Alzheimer’s Disease

Abstract

For the potential therapy of Alzheimer's disease (AD), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) has gradually gained worldwide interest in the progression of AD. This study used a pharmacophore-based virtual screening (VS) approach to identify Z32439948 as a new BChE inhibitor. Aiding by molecular docking and molecular dynamics, essential binding information was disclosed. Specifically, a subpocket was found and structure-guided design of a series of novel compounds was conducted. Derivatives were evaluated in vitro for cholinesterase inhibition and physicochemical properties (BBB, log P, and solubility). The investigation involved docking, molecular dynamics, enzyme kinetics, and surface plasmon resonance as well. The study highlighted compounds 27a (hBChE IC 50 = 0.078 ± 0.03 μM) and (R)-37a (hBChE IC 50 = 0.005 ± 0.001 μM) as the top-ranked BChE inhibitors. These compounds showed anti-inflammatory activity and no apparent cytotoxicity against the human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) and mouse microglia (BV2) cell lines. The most active compounds exhibited the ability to improve cognition in both scopolamine-and Aβ 1−42 peptide-induced cognitive deficit models. They can be promising lead compounds with potential implications for treating the late stage of AD.

Butyrylcholinesterase-Activated Near-Infrared Fluorogenic Probe for In Vivo Theranostics of Alzheimer’s Disease

“…Herein, we developed a multifunctional NIR probe inspired by our ongoing efforts on small molecule inhibitors of BChE. ,− The mechanism of the probe is described in Figure . The probe penetrates the BBB and enters the brain, where it binds to the centrally and highly expressed BChE.…”