Discrepancies and Similarities in Attitudes, Beliefs, and Familiarity with Vaccination Between Religious Studies and Science Students in Malaysia: A Comparison Study

COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among the adult population in Bangladesh: A nationwide cross-sectional survey

“…Thus vaccine has been largely discouraged by the community [ 37 , 38 ]. Similarly, in different earlier non-COVID-19 examples of the middle-income countries like Malaysia, such as in the cases of measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR), religious ruling against vaccines considering them as ‘ haram ’ (forbidden) due to the suspected presence of ingredients derived from pigs, receiving vaccines were discouraged [ 39 ]. Religious fatalism among the Muslims, including the beliefs that ‘everything is in the hands of Allah,’ and sense of inability of avoiding death when it is the will of Allah, influences the perception of health among Muslims [ 40 ] and such perspectives on health, in this case, is possibly growing vaccine hesitancy among the Muslims [ 41 ].…”

Attitude, Familiarity and Religious Beliefs about Vaccination among Health Science and Non-Health Science Students in a Malaysian Public University

“…It is undeniable that vaccines-from their first introduction to clinical practice until now-have successfully helped humans to control many specific types of infectious diseases at a reasonable cost, either by eradication or elimination, particularly those that are easily transmitted among children [1,2]. Immunization is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) to be used as a preventive measure in both children and adults [1,3].…”

“…Although the immunization coverage in developed countries (especially in some Western countries) is better than that in developing ones, a noticeable increase in vaccination coverage in many of these latter countries has occurred after the implementation of a preschool immunization requirement policy [7]. Despite this, an abbreviated adherence toward immunizations has been noted, which could be related to many factors, such as inadequate accessibility, inadequate vaccine supply chains, the compromised availability of health workers, poor motivation on the part of the healthcare staff, lack of resources (logistics), false contraindications, language barriers between caregivers and healthcare workers, negative attitudes and lack of knowledge regarding vaccinations and disease prevention, the uncertainty of vaccination's effectiveness, fear of adverse events, bearing a female child, and mistrust in the healthcare system [2,6,[8][9][10][11][12]. All the abovementioned barriers may lead to the delayed acceptance or complete refusal of vaccination, irrespective of the availability of vaccination services.…”

“…All the abovementioned barriers may lead to the delayed acceptance or complete refusal of vaccination, irrespective of the availability of vaccination services. This "vaccine hesitancy" elicits an upsurge in the proportion of people who do not support vaccination and, therefore, can expose the community to the risk of outbreaks of contagious diseases-previously under control-resulting in the unnecessary suffering of young children and the waste of limited public health resources [2,6,13,14].…”

“…The safety of vaccinations has been a matter of concern for parents that has been extensively reported [2,6]. They worry about possible side effects for their children in the future, such as autism spectrum disorder [15], seizures/epilepsy [16], or multiple sclerosis (MS) [17], that have yet to be scientifically proven with any sort of medical evidence [17,18]; however, these may serve as notable fear factors.…”