Discrepancy of Unmet Needs on Contraception in Indonesia: Urban vs. Rural Area: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Indonesia Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) 230 per 100,000 live births is considered one of the highest in Southeast Asia region. Contraception is an essential part of safe motherhood, yet most Indonesian doesn’t participate in family planning. Active use of contraception on fertile couples was 62.5%. Based on Indonesia 2017 DHS, 11% fertile women had insufficient contraception need. Unmet need for contraception might contribute to the burden of MMR. A cross-sectional study was conducted to analyse which factors contribute to the occurrence of unmet need for contraception in respect of urban and rural area. Data obtained from 2017 IDHS in two locations: Jakarta and Papua. A total 1,128 Jakarta and 458 Papua respondent were enrolled. Highest occurrence of unmet need occurred in high school education group. Television use was the only factor gave a significant impact (p = 0.019) for the occurrence of unmet need for contraception in Jakarta. Husband’s education level (p = 0.000), newspaper use (p = 0.017), radio use (p = 0.027), television ownership (p = 0.005), television use (p = 0.005), and cell-phone ownership (p = 0.000) have a significant impact for the occurrence of unmet need in Papua. Further analyses showed that television use in Jakarta and cell-phone ownership in Papua were indeed the most influential factor for unmet need.

Associations of HSD17B1 Gene Expression with its DNA Methylation and Estradiol Level in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Indonesian Patients

“…Serum Patients with PCOS have serum AMH levels that are 2-3 times higher than those of healthy women. Study revealed that AMH levels may be utilized as a predictor in the diagnosis of PCOS as an alternative to analyzing polycystic ovary pictures and the incidence of PCOS increases as AMH levels rise (Harzif et al, 2023). Wiweko et al (2014) discovered that people with high AMH levels were 9 times more likely to have PCOS, with the AMH cutoff value as a predictor of PCOS being 4.45 ng/mL.…”

“…FSH levels between 3 and 10 mIU/mL are considered normal, whereas values greater than 12 mIU/mL suggest decreased ovarian reserves. More than 25 mIU/mL is associated with ovarian failure and is seen in postmenopausal women (Harzif et al, 2023).…”

“…Rather than fluctuating cyclically as it does in ovulating women, the LH pulse frequency in PCOS women is very constant at around one beat per hour. The same rise in hypothalamic GnRH pulse frequency that encourages the production of LH rather than FSH is most likely the cause of this trend (Harzif et al, 2023).…”