“…The earliest work on numerical modeling of hydraulic fracturing can be traced back to Boone and Ingraffea [6], who combined the finite element method and the finite difference method to solve the poroelasticity problem, where the fracture was modeled by a cohesive zone on an assumed crack path. Since then, several methods have been developed to simulate the hydraulic fracturing or crack propagation in fluidsaturated porous media such as the cohesive zone model, adaptive meshing strategies [45,46], approaches based on lattice, particle models, or discrete elements [12,51,19,52,20,43], extended finite element method (XFEM) for geometrically linear setting [13,44,37,36,21], or XFEM for nonlinear setting at finite strains [23].…”