Discrete Equilibrium Temperatures of a Hypothetical Planet with the Atmosphere and the Hydrosphere of One Component-Two Phase System under Constant Solar Radiation

Komabayasi, M.

doi:10.2151/jmsj1965.45.1_137

Cited by 77 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The radiation limits (or runaway greenhouse effect) were first suggested by Komabayashi (1967) and Ingersoll (1969). The existence of radiation limits was subsequently confirmed in detailed numerical studies (Abe and Matsui 1988;Kasting 1988;Rennó et al 1994a,b;Rennó 1997;Ishiwatari et al 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Effects of Atmospheric Absorption of Incoming Radiation on the Radiation Limit of the Troposphere

Kurokawa

Nakamoto

2012

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

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The limit of the planetary radiation (longwave radiation) of a planet with oceans on its surface is determined by various mechanisms called ''radiation limits,'' which can be classified as the KomabayashiIngersoll limit and the radiation limit of the troposphere. The effects of atmospheric absorption of the incoming central star radiation (shortwave radiation) on the radiation limit of the troposphere are investigated. To clarify the effects, simple parameterization of the absorption is performed. Two cases are found using an atmospheric model without a window for the longwave radiation. When the absorption in the upper atmosphere is effective, the radiation limit becomes larger than in the no-absorption case. On the other hand, the radiation limit disappears in the absence of a window for the incoming radiation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Effects of Atmospheric Absorption of Incoming Radiation on the Radiation Limit of the Troposphere

Kurokawa

Nakamoto

2012

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

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“…The physics of this limit were described in more detail by Simpson (1927) and Nakajima et al (1992). [Komabayashi (1967) and Ingersoll (1969) described a stratospheric limit at a higher flux, 385 W m -2 , which is never reached in practice.] If the amount of energy supplied to the atmosphere by the Sun (Simpson, 1927), impacts (Abe and Matsui, 1988), or tidal heating (this work) were to exceed F crit , then the atmosphere would not be able to maintain radiation balance, and runaway heating of the surface would ensue, causing evaporation of the entire ocean.…”

Section: The Inner Edge Of the Habitable Zonementioning

confidence: 99%

Tidal Venuses: Triggering a Climate Catastrophe via Tidal Heating

et al. 2013

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Traditionally, stellar radiation has been the only heat source considered capable of determining global climate on long timescales. Here, we show that terrestrial exoplanets orbiting low-mass stars may be tidally heated at highenough levels to induce a runaway greenhouse for a long-enough duration for all the hydrogen to escape. Without hydrogen, the planet no longer has water and cannot support life. We call these planets ''Tidal Venuses'' and the phenomenon a ''tidal greenhouse.'' Tidal effects also circularize the orbit, which decreases tidal heating. Hence, some planets may form with large eccentricity, with its accompanying large tidal heating, and lose their water, but eventually settle into nearly circular orbits (i.e., with negligible tidal heating) in the habitable zone (HZ). However, these planets are not habitable, as past tidal heating desiccated them, and hence should not be ranked highly for detailed follow-up observations aimed at detecting biosignatures. We simulated the evolution of hypothetical planetary systems in a quasi-continuous parameter distribution and found that we could constrain the history of the system by statistical arguments. Planets orbiting stars with masses < 0.3 M Sun may be in danger of desiccation via tidal heating. We have applied these concepts to Gl 667C c, a *4.5 M Earth planet orbiting a 0.3 M Sun star at 0.12 AU. We found that it probably did not lose its water via tidal heating, as orbital stability is unlikely for the high eccentricities required for the tidal greenhouse. As the inner edge of the HZ is defined by the onset of a runaway or moist greenhouse powered by radiation, our results represent a fundamental revision to the HZ for noncircular orbits. In the appendices we review (a) the moist and runaway greenhouses, (b) hydrogen escape, (c) stellar mass-radius and mass-luminosity relations, (d) terrestrial planet mass-radius relations, and (e) linear tidal theories.

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“…Interestingly, Stibbs also found the conditions for limb brightening (when heating at the top of the atmosphere dominates the structure of the atmosphere), and demonstrated that the conditions depend solely on η. Komabayashi (1967) was worried from the "Possibility of exponential boiling-off of the ocean on planets with positive feedback leading to endless warming between the vapor pressure and the greenhouse effect" and attempted to provide a "qualitative analysis using a model of one component-two phase system". Kombayashi was concerned with whether it is possible that there is no equilibrium solution to the problem of radiative transfer with water vapor leading to a runaway.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The works by Simpson (1927), Komabayashi (1967) and Ingersoll (1969) gave rise to the so called SKI limit, which is the largest outgoing long-wave radiative flux which a planet can emit while sustaining the liquid (or solid) phase at the surface. When the absorbed stellar radiation surpasses this limt, there is no equilibrium and a complete evaporation of the condensed phase occurs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is not exactly what we discuss here. Pujol & Fort (2002) elaborated the SKI analysis by alleviating the implicit assumption of Simpson (1927), Komabayashi (1967) and Ingersoll (1969) that the absorbing greenhouse gas does so equally at all infrared wavelengths (i.e., gray atmosphere). The authors found several equilibria and that the antigreenhouse effect can remove the radiation limit.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The maximal runaway temperature of Earth-like planets

Shaviv

Wehrsě

2011

Icarus

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In Simpson's (1927) classical derivation of the temperature of the Earth in the semi-gray model, the surface temperature diverges as the fourth root of the thermal radiation's optical depth. No resolution to this apparent paradox was yet obtained under the strict semi-gray approximation. Using this approximation and a simplified approach, we study the saturation of the runaway greenhouse effect.First we generalize the problem of the semi-gray model to cases in which a non-negligible fraction of the stellar radiation falls on the long-wavelength range, and/or that the planetary long-wavelength emission penetrates into the transparent short wavelength domain of the absorption.Second, applying the most general assumptions and independently of any particular properties of an absorber, we show that the greenhouse effect saturates and that any Earth-like planet has a maximal temperature which depends on the type of and distance to its main-sequence star, its albedo and the primary atmospheric components which determine the cutoff frequency below which the atmosphere is optically thick. For example, a hypothetical convection-less planet similar to Venus, that is optically thin in the visible, could have at most a surface temperature of 1200-1300K irrespective of the nature of the greenhouse gas.We show that two primary mechanisms are responsible for the saturation of the runaway greenhouse effect, depending on the value of λ cut , the wavelength above which the atmosphere becomes optically thick. Unless λ cut is small and resides in the optical region, saturation is achieved by radiating the thermal flux of the planet through the short wavelength tail of the thermal distribution. This has an interesting observational implication, the radiation from such a planet should be skewed towards the NIR. Otherwise, saturation takes place by radiating through windows in the FIR.

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Discrete Equilibrium Temperatures of a Hypothetical Planet with the Atmosphere and the Hydrosphere of One Component-Two Phase System under Constant Solar Radiation

Cited by 77 publications

References 6 publications

Effects of Atmospheric Absorption of Incoming Radiation on the Radiation Limit of the Troposphere

Effects of Atmospheric Absorption of Incoming Radiation on the Radiation Limit of the Troposphere

Tidal Venuses: Triggering a Climate Catastrophe via Tidal Heating

The maximal runaway temperature of Earth-like planets

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