Discriminating temperate carbonates and their diagenetic environments using bulk elemental geochemistry: A reconnaissance study based on New Zealand Cenozoic limestones

Winefield, P.; Nelson, Campbell S.; Hodder, A. P. W.

doi:10.1007/bf03175782

Cited by 29 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…While cool-water carbonates are beginning to receive greater recognition worldwide (Nelson 1988;James 1997), there is a long way to go to establish their spectrum of origins, including the vexed question of superimposed dolomitisation at temperate latitudes (James et al 1993;Nicolaides 1997;Kyser et al 2002). Due largely to the work of Rao (1981Rao ( , 1986Rao ( , 1990aRao ( ,b, 1991Rao ( , 1996, but also others (e.g., Veizer 1983;Morrison & Brand 1986;Brand & Morrison 1987;Morse & Mackenzie 1990;Winefield et al 1996), a geochemical approach has evolved to help differentiate calcitic cool-water carbonates from their warmwater counterparts based on trace element composition.…”

Section: Trace Elements As Discriminators Of Carbonate Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rao (1996) in particular has advocated that the element geochemistry (Ca, Mg, Sr, Na, Fe, Mn) of limestones may also be used to differentiate these depositional settings, as well as to help elucidate their subsequent diagenetic evolution (e.g., Morse & Mackenzie 1990;Winefield et al 1996). Here we document the trace element geochemistry of the non-tropical Oligocene Tikorangi Formation carbonates from Taranaki Basin, western North Island of New Zealand, partly to increase our understanding of their diagenesis from that gained from previous petrographic study (Hood et al 2003b(Hood et al , 2004, but mainly to gauge the influence of their dolomite content on the usefulness of trace elements for discriminating between warm-water and cool-water carbonate facies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Discriminating cool‐water from warm‐water carbonates and their diagenetic environments using element geochemistry: The Oligocene Tikorangi Formation (Taranaki Basin) and the dolomite effect

Hood

Nelson

Kamp

2004

New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics

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Fields portrayed within bivariate element plots have been used to distinguish between carbonates formed in warm-(tropical) water and cool-(temperate) water depositional settings. Here, element concentrations (Ca, Mg, Sr, Na, Fe, and Mn) have been determined for the carbonate fraction of bulk samples from the late Oligocene Tikorangi Formation, a subsurface, mixed dolomite-calcite, cool-water limestone sequence in Taranaki Basin, New Zealand. While the occurrence of dolomite is rare in New Zealand Cenozoic carbonates, and in cool-water carbonates more generally, the dolomite in the Tikorangi carbonates is shown to have a dramatic effect on the "traditional" positioning of coolwater limestone fields within bivariate element plots. Rare undolomitised, wholly calcitic carbonate samples in the Tikorangi Formation have the following average composition: Mg 2800 ppm; Ca 319 100 ppm; Na 800 ppm; Fe 6300 ppm; Sr 2400 ppm; and Mn 300 ppm. Tikorangi Formation dolomite-rich samples (>15% dolomite) have average values of: Mg 53400 ppm; Ca 290400 ppm; Na 4700 ppm; Fe 28 100 ppm; Sr 5400 ppm; and Mn 500 ppm. Elementelement plots for dolomite-bearing samples show elevated Mg, Na, and Sr values compared with most other low-Mg calcite New Zealand Cenozoic limestones. The increased trace element contents are directly attributable to the trace element-enriched nature of the burial-derived dolomites, termed here the "dolomite effect". Fe levels in the Tikorangi Formation carbonates far exceed both modern and ancient cool-water and warm-water analogues, while Sr values are also higher than those in modern Tasmanian cool-water carbonates, and approach modern Bahaman warm-water carbonate values. Trace element data used in conjunction with more traditional petrographic data have aided in the diagenetic interpretation of the carbonate-dominated Tikorangi sequence. The geochemical results have been particularly useful for providing more definitive evidence for deep burial dolomitisation of the deposits under the influence of marine-modified pore fluids.

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Section: Trace Elements As Discriminators Of Carbonate Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discriminating cool‐water from warm‐water carbonates and their diagenetic environments using element geochemistry: The Oligocene Tikorangi Formation (Taranaki Basin) and the dolomite effect

Hood

Nelson

Kamp

2004

New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics

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“…Pos i tive cor rela tions be tween manganase and stron tium as well as man ganese and iron (Fig. 8) sug gest me te oric diagenesis on the Musayr For ma tion (Winefield et al, 1996).…”

Section: Geochemical Signatures Of Meteoric Diagenesismentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Be side, the in creas ing con cen tra tion of man ga nese may also be used to in fer par tially open sys tem and re duc tion diagenetic realm con di tions. An other sup port ing ev i dence of mete oric diagenesis is low stron tium con cen tra tion be cause its low con tent on the me te oric wa ters (Winefield et al, 1996).…”

Section: Geochemical Signatures Of Meteoric Diagenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemical signatures of pervasive meteoric diagenesis of Early Miocene syn-rift carbonate platform, Red Sea, NW Saudi Arabia

Al‐Ramadan

2016

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Al-Ramadan, K., 2017. Geo chem i cal sig na tures of per va sive me te oric diagenesis of Early Mio cene syn-rift car bon ate platform, Red Sea, NW Saudi Ara bia. Geo log i cal Quar terly, 61 (1): 239-250, doi: 10.7306/gq.1334 Dif fer ent diagenetic en vi ron ments have been rec og nized in the Early Mio cene car bon ate plat form of Musayr For ma tion in the Red Sea rift area. Early ma rine diagenesis in cludes micritisation that oc curs as thin en ve lope around skel e tal and non-skel etal grains in low-en ergy mud dom i nated fa cies and isopachous fi brous cal cite in high-en ergy grain-dom i nated fa cies. Per vasive me te oric wa ter diagenesis re sulted in ce men ta tion of the car bon ates by coarse-crys tal line blocky-drusy cal cite and me nis cus ce ments. De ple tion of ox y gen (avg. -9.08‰), car bon (avg. -1.6‰) iso topes and trace el e ments con cen tra tions (avg. val ues of Fe: 1387 ppm; Mn: 1444 ppm; Sr: 419 ppm; Na: 1194 ppm) in con junc tion with neg a tive cor re la tion be tween Mn 2+ and ox y gen iso tope data sug gest vari able de grees of fluid-rock in ter ac tions and per va sive me te oric diagenesis. The for ma tion of me te oric diagenesis in the Musayr For ma tion can be ex plained by two sub se quent mech a nisms: (1) the presence of me te oric lenses dur ing the time of de po si tion might have been as so ci ated with ac tive fresh wa ter in put from the hinter land (NE) due to fall in the rel a tive sea level; (2) later up lift ep i sode dur ing Plio-Pleis to cene may have also con trib uted to the per va sive me te oric diagenetic al ter ations of the car bon ates of the Musayr For ma tion. The first mech a nism is sup ported by the ce ment stra tig ra phy where the blocky-drusy ce ments post date the me nis cus ce ment. The lat ter mech a nism seems to have more pro nounced ef fect on the al ter ation of Musayr car bon ate se quence by ob serv ing the occurence of late ce ments such as blocky cal cite in most of the sam ples. The im pact of me te oric diagenesis on the stud ied sam ples sug gest that dis solu tion is less se vere than ce men ta tion, hence the vis i ble po ros ity is very low. Un der stand ing the tim ing of me te oric diagenesis pro vides use ful in for ma tion about the res er voir qual ity dis tri bu tion in syn-rift car bon ate se quences.

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“…Samples were then subject to acid digestion following the procedures of Robinson (1980) and Winefield et al (1996), which involved digestion of 1 g of powdered sample in 1M HCl to obtain carbonate percentage values.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Petrogenesis of diachronous mixed siliciclastic‐carbonate megafacies in the cool‐water Oligocene Tikorangi formation, Taranaki Basin, New Zealand

Hood¹,

Nelson²,

Kamp³

2003

New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics

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The Oligocene (Whaingaroan-Waitakian) Tikorangi Formation is a totally subsurface, lithostratigraphically complex, mixed siliciclastic-limestone-rich sequence forming an important fracture reservoir within Taranaki Basin, New Zealand. Petrographically the formation comprises a spectrum of interbedded rock types ranging from calcareous mudstone to wackestone to packstone to clean sparry grainstone. Skeletal and textural varieties within these rock types have aided in the identification of three environmentally distinctive megafacies for the Tikorangi Formation rocks-shelfal, foredeep, and basinal. Data from these megafacies have been used to detail previous conclusions on the petrogenesis and to further refine depositional paleoenvironmental models for the Tikorangi Formation in the central eastern Taranaki Basin margin.Shelfal Megafacies 1 rocks (reference well Hu Road-1 A) are latest Oligocene (early Waitakian) in age and formed on or proximal to the Patea-Tongaporutu-Herangi basement high. They are characterised by coarse, skeletal-rich, pure sparry grainstone comprising shallow water, high energy taxa (bryozoans, barnacles, red algae) and admixtures of coarse well-rounded lithic sand derived from Mesozoic basement greywacke. This facies type has previously gone unrecorded in the Tikorangi Formation. Megafacies 2 is a latest Oligocene (early Waitakian) foredeep megafacies (formerly named shelfal facies) formed immediately basinward and west of the shelfal basement platform. It accumulated relatively rapidly (>20 cm/ka) from redeposition of shelfal megafacies biota that became intermixed with bathyal taxa to produce a spectrum of typically mudstone through to sparry grainstone. The resulting skeletal mix (bivalve, echinoderm, planktic and benthic foraminiferal, red algal, bryozoan, nannofossil) is unlike that in any of the age-equivalent limestone units in neighbouring onland King Country Basin. Megafacies 3 is an Oligocene (WhaingaroanWaitakian) offshore basinal megafacies (formerly termed bathyal facies) of planktic foraminiferal-nannofossilsiliciclastic wackestone and mudstone formed away from redepositional influences. The siliciclastic input in this distal basinal setting (sedimentation rates <7 mm/ka) was probably sourced mainly from oceanic currents carrying suspended sediment from South Island provenances exposed at this time.Tikorangi Formation rocks record the Taranaki Basin's only period of carbonate-dominated sedimentation across a full range of shelfal, foredeep, and basinal settings. Depositional controls on the three contrasting megafacies were fundamentally the interplay of an evolving and complex plate tectonic setting, including development of a carbonate foredeep, changes in relative sea level within an overall transgressive regime, and changing availability, sources, and modes of deposition of both bioclastic and siliciclastic sediments. The mixed siliciclastic-carbonate nature of the formation, and its skeletal assemblages, low-Mg calcite mineralogy, and delayed deep burial diagenet...

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Discriminating temperate carbonates and their diagenetic environments using bulk elemental geochemistry: A reconnaissance study based on New Zealand Cenozoic limestones

Abstract: Use of the elemental geochemistry of carbonates for characterizing and distinguishing between temperate and tropical carbonate facies is in its infancy. In particular, apart from several Tasmanianexamples, few elementaldata exist for temperate carbonates.

Cited by 29 publications

References 34 publications

Discriminating cool‐water from warm‐water carbonates and their diagenetic environments using element geochemistry: The Oligocene Tikorangi Formation (Taranaki Basin) and the dolomite effect

Discriminating cool‐water from warm‐water carbonates and their diagenetic environments using element geochemistry: The Oligocene Tikorangi Formation (Taranaki Basin) and the dolomite effect

Geochemical signatures of pervasive meteoric diagenesis of Early Miocene syn-rift carbonate platform, Red Sea, NW Saudi Arabia

Petrogenesis of diachronous mixed siliciclastic‐carbonate megafacies in the cool‐water Oligocene Tikorangi formation, Taranaki Basin, New Zealand

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