Discrimination Begins in the Womb: Evidence of Sex-Selective Prenatal Investments

Bharadwaj, Prashant; Lakdawala, Leah K.

doi:10.3368/jhr.48.1.71

Cited by 36 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Social, religious and social institutions may perpetrate GD systemic trauma (GD-S) while parents, family members and significant others (intra-household members) perpetrate (GD-P) betrayal trauma early on from birth and even in their pre-natal investments (Bharadwaj & Nelson, 2012). Attitudes, beliefs and related cognitions and behaviors from parents and social institutions, that are cross-generationally transmitted, are often entrenched in cultural, social and religious norms (Kira, Lewandowski, Chiodo, & Ibrahim, 2014;.…”

Section: A Proposed Typology Of Gdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Discrimination (GD): A Conceptual Trauma-Based Framework for GD and the Development of Gender Discrimination Inventory

Kira¹,

Hanaa²,

Bujold-Bugeaud³

2015

PSYCH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A comprehensive plausible conceptual model of Gender Discrimination (GD) and accurate measures of its components are lacking. Current study developed a conceptual model of GD derived from the development-based trauma framework (DBT) and constructed measures for GD and its coping dynamics and tested them in two studies on Egyptian female college students. The first study conducted on a sample of 150, and the second study conducted on 311 participants. Exploratory factor analysis in the first sample, and confirmatory factor analysis in the second sample confirmed three components of GD (GD by parents attitudes, GD by parents behavior, and GD by society), and three components of GD coping dynamics (gender identity conflict (GIC), internalized GD, and GD resistance). GD measures are found to have generally good reliability and stability, good construct, and predictive validity. Using path analysis in the second study, GD, controlling for other life traumas, predicted a significant decrease in self-esteem and self-efficacy and increase in existential anxiety, which mediated its effects on PTSD and complex PTSD. GIC and internalized GD further moderated GD effects. GD inventory that includes 6 measures with 33 items can be a parsimonious tool for future research on GD.

show abstract

Section: A Proposed Typology Of Gdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Discrimination (GD): A Conceptual Trauma-Based Framework for GD and the Development of Gender Discrimination Inventory

Kira¹,

Hanaa²,

Bujold-Bugeaud³

2015

PSYCH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A balanced sex ratio plays a vital part in bringing out, and maintaining a stable society. People in India exhibit a strong gender preference for male child and this discrimination or prejudice continues in spite of socio-economic development and higher growth rates 1,2 . The preference for sons has been associated with preferential abortion of female fetuses and even to female infanticide.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender preferences among antenatal women: a cross-sectional study from coastal South India

Kumar¹,

Kanchan²,

Unnikrishnan³

et al. 2015

Afr H. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: A balanced sex ratio is essential for a stable society. Objective: The main objective of the present research was to study the perceptions of women attending the antenatal care (ANC) facility regarding their gender preferences and family composition. Method: In this cross-sectional study 132 antenatal women were interviewed in their preferred language using a predesigned semi-structured questionnaire. The collected information was analyzed using SPSS version 11.5. Results:The mean age of the study participants was 27.2 ± 4.1 years. The majority of the antenatal women (60.6%, n=80) did not have any gender preferences. Among those who had a gender preference (39.4%, n=52), male and female preference was reported by 55.7% (n=29) and 44.3% (n=23) of the participants respectively. The overall son preference index was observed to be 1.3. No consistent relationship could be established between the socio-demographic factors and the preference for gender. The mean preferred family size in our study was 1.85±0.531 and more than half of the participants had a balanced gender preference. The majority of the participants were aware that the adverse sex ratio can lead to fall in the number of brides and that it would bring about a social imbalance. Conclusion: As a developed society we need to ensure that both the genders get equal respect and are free from any sort of preferences and prejudices. To achieve this, more and more people need to be made aware of the consequences of gender imbalance and adverse sex ratio in a society.

show abstract

“…Whereas in later sections I confirm the predictions from Proposition 1, I am unable, given data limitations, to test empirically whether dowry adjusts as a response to the "No Toilet, No Bride" campaign. 9 Later in the discussion of my empirical results, I present limited evidence on changes in dowry as a result of the program.…”

Section: Propositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 Due to parental preferences for sons over daughters, parents provide differential post-natal care to boys and girls (Das Gupta (1987)), invest preferentially in male fetuses (Bharadwaj & Nelson (2010)), and/or selectively abort female fetuses (Arnold, Kishor & Roy (2002), Qian (2008)). Each of these factors exacerbates the sex imbalance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Bargaining Power of Missing Women: Evidence from a Sanitation Campaign in India

Stopnitzky

2012

SSRN Journal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Female bargaining power in rural Haryana, as in much of northern India, is constrained by widespread discrimination against women. In recent years, however, women successfully demand private sanitation facilities from potential husbands as a precondition for marriage. I study this manifestation of bargaining power by modeling latrine adoption as an investment that males can make to improve their desirability on the marriage market, and I show that increasing proportions of females with strong sanitation preferences drive male investment in toilets. Moreover, I demonstrate women's ability to secure latrines increases when they are relatively scarce in a marriage market. I test these predictions empirically by studying a sanitation program in Haryana, India, known colloquially as "No Toilet, No Bride". Using a triple difference empirical strategy based on households with and without marriageable boys, in Haryana and comparison states, before and after program exposure, I provide evidence that male investment in sanitation increased by 15% due to the program. Further, the program effect is four times larger in marriage markets where women are scarce (26%) as compared to marriage markets where women are abundant (6%). These results suggest the relative scarcity of women in Haryana has, conditional on women surviving to marriageable age, improved the ability of the remaining women to secure valuable goods.JEL Classification: D1, J12, O12, O13

show abstract

Discrimination Begins in the Womb: Evidence of Sex-Selective Prenatal Investments

Cited by 36 publications

References 0 publications

Gender Discrimination (GD): A Conceptual Trauma-Based Framework for GD and the Development of Gender Discrimination Inventory

Gender Discrimination (GD): A Conceptual Trauma-Based Framework for GD and the Development of Gender Discrimination Inventory

Gender preferences among antenatal women: a cross-sectional study from coastal South India

The Bargaining Power of Missing Women: Evidence from a Sanitation Campaign in India

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About