Discrimination between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and reactive attachment disorder in school aged children

Follan, Michael; Anderson, Seonaid; Huline-Dickens, Sarah; Lidstone, Emma; Young, David; Brown, Gordon A.; Minnis, Helen

doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2010.12.031

Cited by 29 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…In line with the understanding of RAD and DSED in younger children [11][12][13][14][15] is the finding that symptoms of RAD/DSED are distinct from symptoms of other psychiatric disorders in adolescence. Due to overlapping social difficulties, a significant clinical challenge is differentiating RAD from ASD.…”

Section: Discriminant Validitymentioning

confidence: 64%

“…Whereas some denominate RAD and DSED as valid diagnostic constructs in adolescence, others question whether symptoms of RAD and DSED may then be better conceptualized as more common psychiatric disorders [2,10]. Hitherto, RAD and DSED have been evidenced as distinct from other psychopathology until middle childhood [11][12][13][14][15][16], but their discriminant validity in adolescence remains unstudied. Clarifying uncertainties regarding the possible existence and appearance of RAD and DSED in adolescence has been deemed a priority [3] and Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https ://doi.org/10.1007/s0078 7-019-01456 -9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Validity of reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder in adolescence

Seim

Jozefiak

Wichstrøm³

et al. 2019

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

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Although reactive attachment disorder (RAD) and disinhibited social engagement disorder (DSED) are acknowledged as valid disorders in young children, controversy remains regarding their validity in adolescence. An unresolved question is whether symptoms of RAD and DSED are better conceptualized as other psychiatric disorders at this age. All adolescents (N = 381; 67% consent; 12-20 years old) living in residential youth care in Norway were interviewed to determine the symptoms and diagnosis of RAD/DSED and other common psychiatric disorders using the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (CAPA). The construct validity of RAD and DSED, including structural and discriminant validity, was investigated using confirmatory factor analysis and latent profile analysis. Two-factor models distinguishing between symptoms of RAD and DSED and differentiating these symptoms from the symptoms of other psychiatric disorders revealed better fit than one-factor models. Symptoms of RAD and DSED defined two distinct latent groups in a profile analysis. The prevalence of RAD was 9% (95% CI 6-11%), and the prevalence of DSED was 8% (95% CI 5-11%). RAD and DSED are two distinct latent factors not accounted for by other common psychiatric disorders in adolescence. RAD and DSED are not uncommon among adolescents in residential youth care and therefore warrant easy access to qualified health care and prevention in high-risk groups.

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Section: Discriminant Validitymentioning

confidence: 64%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validity of reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder in adolescence

Seim

Jozefiak

Wichstrøm³

et al. 2019

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A similar caregiver questionnaire identified higher overall RAD scores in Scottish children in foster or group residential care (n082, mean age 12 years) than community controls, but no attempt was made to distinguish between IAD and DAD (Millward et al 2006). A recent study by Follan et al (2011) provides further evidence of the specificity of the RAD concept in school aged high-risk samples. Carer report on a semi-structured interview, a waiting room observation and teacher questionnaire (Minnis et al 2009) were used to investigate the discriminate validity of RAD behaviors in children with a primary diagnosis (ICD-10 criteria) of RAD (n020) compared to a high (n016) and low risk (n014) group with a diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Caregiver reported indiscriminate friendliness, comfort seeking from strangers, unpredictable behavior on reunion and frozen watchfulness also discriminated RAD from ADHD, but these were not statistically significant. Conclusions are limited due to small sample size; however, the authors suggest that although disinhibition is common to both ADHD and RAD, it may result from distinct underlying pathological mechanisms in each disorder (Follan et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Reactive Attachment Disorder following Early Maltreatment: Systematic Evidence beyond the Institution

Kay

Green

2012

J Abnorm Child Psychol

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Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) remains one of the least evidence-based areas of DSM and ICD nosology. Recent evidence from severely deprived institutional samples has informed review of RAD criteria for DSM-V; however, this data is not necessarily generalizable to expectable child environments in the developed world. We provide the first systematic study of this important syndrome in maltreated non-institutionalized adolescents from a high-income country. 153 high-risk adolescents in English out-of-home Looked After Care (LAC: mean age 174 months, SD 23, 52 % male) and 42 low-risk (LR) community controls (mean age 168 months, SD 18, 38 % male) were assessed for RAD behaviors. Data on maltreatment and care history were collected from social work reports and concurrent psychopathology from caregiver report. Triangulated data sources informed independent researcher ratings of adaptive functioning. LAC adolescents showed high prevalence of RAD behaviors. Factor analysis showed four symptom groups; Disinhibited Indiscriminate, Attention Seeking, Superficial Relationships and Unpredictability. RAD was associated with multiple maltreatment experience, earlier entry to care and increased rates of psychopathology. Superficial Relationships and Attention Seeking factors showed strong independent association with particularly pervasive functional impairment. Disinhibited RAD behaviors are identifiable with high prevalence in non-institutionalized high-risk adolescents. They are strongly associated with psychopathology and functional impairment. Retention of this subtype in DSM-V is supported. Findings on the inhibited subtype in adolescence are less persuasive. RAD behavior is a relevant marker of developmental impairment, has significant clinical implications and is deserving of further study within non-institutionalized risk populations.

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“…Children with ADHD can often be indiscriminate in their friendliness and engage in challenging relationships with their peers and authority figures (Follan et al 2011). Counselors can use the safety of the therapeutic relationship to help children form and maintain appropriate, respectful and non-threatening relationships.…”

Section: Relational Engagement -Teaching the Child To Form Appropriatmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of Trauma Counseling for Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Pottinger

2014

Int J Adv Counselling

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Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are at risk for behavioral problems and so are frequently brought to the attention of counselors. The literature is limited, however, in examining specific counseling techniques for this population, and particularly in discussing counseling in a developing country where children do not readily access mental health services. Based on parallels in symptoms between children with ADHD and those with violence exposure, the author has adapted the components of a trauma intervention model and applied it to counseling children with ADHD in Jamaica. This article examines a structured counseling approach based on the trauma model, and concludes with a discussion on the usefulness and limitations of this approach in regard to children with ADHD.

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Discrimination between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and reactive attachment disorder in school aged children

Cited by 29 publications

References 33 publications

Validity of reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder in adolescence

Validity of reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder in adolescence

Reactive Attachment Disorder following Early Maltreatment: Systematic Evidence beyond the Institution

The Use of Trauma Counseling for Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

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