Discrimination Learning with Rhythmic and Nonrhythmic Background Music

Bates, Francesca; Horvath, T.

doi:10.2466/pms.1971.33.3f.1123

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Our concern was whether a music environment is always good? Most of the reports in the literatures have focused on the beneficial effect of music 1 20 , but an early report also suggested that stimulation with non-rhythmic Schoenberg music (Chamber Symphony No.2) was detrimental to the performance of rats on a discrimination task 22 . In our studies, we used retrograde Mozart music as a contrast test for Mozart music.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mozart, Mozart Rhythm and Retrograde Mozart Effects: Evidences from Behaviours and Neurobiology Bases

Xing

Yang

Kendrick

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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The phenomenal finding that listening to Mozart K.448 enhances performance on spatial tasks has motivated a continuous surge in promoting music education over the past two decades. But there have been inconsistent reports in previous studies of the Mozart effect. Here conducted was a systematic study, with Mozart and retrograde Mozart music, Mozart music rhythm and pitch, behaviours and neurobiology tests, rats and humans subjects. We show that while the Mozart K.448 has positive cognitive effects, the retrograde version has a negative effect on rats’ performance in the Morris water maze test and on human subjects’ performance in the paper folding and cutting test and the pencil-and-paper maze test. Such findings are further confirmed by subsequent immunohistochemical analyses in rats on the neurogenesis and protein levels of BDNF and its receptor, TrkB. Furthermore, when the rhythm and pitch of the normal and retrograde Mozart music are manipulated independently, the learning performance of the rats in the Morris water maze test indicated that rhythm is a crucial element in producing the behavioural effects. These findings suggest that the nature of Mozart effect is the Mozart rhythm effect, and indicate that different music may have quite different to opposite effects. Further study on rhythm effect may provide clues to understand the common basis over animals from rats to humans.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mozart, Mozart Rhythm and Retrograde Mozart Effects: Evidences from Behaviours and Neurobiology Bases

Xing

Yang

Kendrick

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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“…Some types of music influence rodent social behavior (45) and discrimination performance (46), particularly if timbre cue of music is present (47). Importantly, our results largely confirm that when pulsed tones are used with or without patterns, this effect is not observed (reviewed in 48).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical period for acoustic preference in mice

Yang

Lin

Hensch

2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Preference behaviors are often established during early life, but the underlying neural circuit mechanisms remain unknown. Adapting a unique nesting behavior assay, we confirmed a "critical period" for developing music preference in C57BL/6 mice. Early music exposure between postnatal days 15 and 24 reversed their innate bias for silent shelter, which typically could not be altered in adulthood. Instead, exposing adult mice treated acutely with valproic acid or carrying a targeted deletion of the Nogo receptor (NgR) unmasked a strong plasticity of preference consistent with a reopening of the critical period as seen in other systems. Imaging of cFos expression revealed a prominent neuronal activation in response to the exposed music in the prelimbic and infralimbic medial prefrontal cortex only under conditions of open plasticity. Neither behavioral changes nor selective medial prefrontal cortex activation was observed in response to pure tone exposure, indicating a music-specific effect. Open-field center crossings were increased concomitant with shifts in music preference, suggesting a potential anxiolytic effect. Thus, music may offer both a unique window into the emotional state of mice and a potentially efficient assay for molecular "brakes" on critical period plasticity common to sensory and higher order brain areas. P reference behaviors are shaped early in life and can last a lifetime. From classic work on chick imprinting (1) to drug vulnerability in adolescents (2, 3), neural circuits in the developing brain are especially impressionable to experience. Biases in response to acoustic signals with ethological or emotional valence over environmental noise are particularly important for social, cultural, and biological fitness. For example, infants will suckle actively to hear their mother's voice over that of another (4) and prefer speech over nonspeech sounds (5) and native over nonnative language (6) as early as 4 d after birth. How and where such enduring preferences are instantiated in the brain remain largely unknown.

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“…Anecdotally, some animals take pleasure in moving to the rhythm of music, which seems evident when watching the dancing cockatoo 'Snowball' on youtube.com. Scientific studies of animals (including non-human primates) have, however, consistently failed to show any sort of pleasure or displeasure related to music-like activity or perception (Bates and Horvath, 1971;Hauser and McDermott, 2003;Steele, 2006), although there is recent evidence that music can act in conjunction with other cues as a significant aversive noisy stressor even in rats (Reynolds and Berridge, 2008). While studies of our closest cousins have shown that some of the basic abilities underlying music perception, such as octave recognition, may be in place (Hauser and McDermott, 2003), monkeys are unaffected by dissonance and consonance (McDermott and Hauser, 2004) and do not appear to take pleasure in music overall (McDermott and Hauser, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pleasure in Reading

Pfordresher¹

1985

The English Journal

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Pleasure is central to life. While many species share some of the same brain networks for pleasure, there are clearly species-specific routes to pleasure, of which language and music are among the most important in humans. Reading and writing are very useful interfaces to these temporal human pleasures, which allow us to communicate, record, experience and imagine the hedonic experiences of other humans across time and space. While we have yet to fully understand the underlying neural mechanisms of language and music, there is now evidence from brain science which can help to elucidate some of the relevant functional neuroanatomy. Here, we review our still rather limited understanding of reading and pleasure seen from a brain perspective and note that while this approach is obviously still limited in scope, it might nevertheless offer new and interesting insights. In particular, we try to synthesise the current evidence from brain science to propose a novel model of how reading may come to evoke subjective hedonic experience. We highlight the central role of anticipation and how this might provide a key to how the brain works on many different levels, including the capacity of reading to evoke pleasure.

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Discrimination Learning with Rhythmic and Nonrhythmic Background Music

Cited by 14 publications

References 12 publications

Mozart, Mozart Rhythm and Retrograde Mozart Effects: Evidences from Behaviours and Neurobiology Bases

Mozart, Mozart Rhythm and Retrograde Mozart Effects: Evidences from Behaviours and Neurobiology Bases

Critical period for acoustic preference in mice

Pleasure in Reading

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