Discrimination reversal learning in squirrel monkeys as a function of number of acquisition trials and prereversal experience.

Discrimination reversal performance in children as a function of prereversal experience and overlearning

“…The present findings support those of Cross & Brown (1965) and Cross et al (1964) in failing to support the "overlearning reversal effect (ORE)." There is little doubt that these children demonstrated overlearning.…”

The overlearning reversal effect in preschool children as a function of age

“…There are, however, investigations with infrahuman and human primates. studies with squirrel monkeys (Cross & Brown, 1965;Cross, Fickling, Carpenter, & Brown, 1964) not only failed to demonstrate a facilitation of reversal performance following overlearning but actually suggested that increased original training retards reversal. Similar failures to observe the ORE have been reported with Capuchin monkeys (D' Amato, 1965), stump-tailed monkeys (Boyer & Cross, 1965), rhesus monkeys (Cross & Boyer, 1966;Tighe, 1965), and with five-year-old children (Vaughter & Cross, 1965).…”

Reward vs extinction in discrimination reversal learning

“…Instead, the consistently greater effectiveness of extinction pretraining over reward pretraining was approximately constant at all stages of reversal learning improvement. Thus, a previous report of nonreward's increasing effectiveness (Cross & Brown, 1965) may be limited to the procedure and/or species used in that experiment.…”

“…Although there are exceptions, experiments assessing excitatory/inhibitory effects during the acquisition of the initial discrimination have usually found excitatory processes to be more important, whereas those assessing such effects during reversal learning or after several discriminations have favored inhibitory processes. In addition, two experiments with primate Ss (Behar, 1961;Cross & Brown, 1965) have shown the effects of nonreward to become greater with continued training on learning-to-learn procedures. It is unclear, however, whether these effects reflect inhibitory processes or whether they reflect the increased utilization of the cue values of response consequences.…”