Discrimination Toward Physicians of Color: A Systematic Review

Filut, Amarette; Alvarez, M. Alexander; Carnes, Molly

doi:10.1016/j.jnma.2020.02.008

Cited by 61 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…These values ranged from 1.9 to 3.4-fold greater than trainees from other racial/ethnic groups. Several reports over the past few decades have noted that URM physicians report discrimination at significantly higher levels than White peers [32][33][34]. It is therefore disappointing and alarming that URM pre-doctoral trainees in this survey also reported experiencing such high rates of self-reported discrimination and bias at this stage in training, which is consistent with findings from other studies [35,36].…”

Section: Training and Career Obstaclessupporting

confidence: 82%

Factors associated with underrepresented minority physician scientist trainee career choices

et al. 2020

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Background Recently, there have been concerted efforts to improve racial and ethnic diversity in the physician-scientist workforce. Identifying factors associated with career choices among those underrepresented in medicine and science is a necessary first step to advance this objective. The aim of the present study was to assess the attitudes and factors associated with academic and research career interests among underrepresented predoctoral physician-scientists. Methods A cross-sectional 70-question survey was distributed to all predoctoral single degree (MD or DO) and dual degree (MD/PhD or DO/PhD) trainees at 32 medical schools in the United States from 2012 to 2014. Main outcomes included factors important to advancement in academic medicine, intended medical specialty, and future career plans. To test the post-hoc hypothesis of whether trainees from underrepresented groups have differing perceptions of career trajectories and obstacles than their counterparts, we evaluated responses according to self-identified race/ethnic status using Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests. All tests were two-sided and significance level of < 0.05 was used. Results There were a total of 4433 responses representing all predoctoral training stages. The response rate was 27%. Most respondents were single degree trainees (MD/DO 79% vs MD/DO-PhD 21%). Most respondents self-identified as White (67%), followed by Multi-racial or Other (14.3%), Asian or Pacific Islander (10.4%), Hispanic (6%), and Black or African American (4.1%). Desired career sector, career intention, and clinical specialty interest differed across race/ethnic groups. With respect to career selection factors, anticipated non-work related responsibilities during residency were also significantly different between these groups. By multivariable regression analysis, Black or African American trainees were significantly less likely than White trainees to indicate a career in academia (OR 0.496, 95% CI 0.322–0.764) and basic research (OR 0.314, 95% CI 0.115–0.857), while Multi-racial or Other trainees were also less likely than White trainees to indicate a career in academia (OR 0.763, 95% CI 0.594–0.980). Conclusions These data represent the first in-depth survey of career aspirations, perceptions, and interests between demographically underrepresented and non-underrepresented predoctoral physician-scientist trainees. Our results identify key differences between these cohorts, which may guide efforts to improve diversity within the physician-scientist workforce.

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Section: Training and Career Obstaclessupporting

confidence: 82%

Factors associated with underrepresented minority physician scientist trainee career choices

et al. 2020

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“…Racial discrimination against trainees and medical practitioners in clinical settings is well documented, along with its negative consequences. [1][2][3][4] However, rarely do these investigations explore the boundaries between racial groups to understand the complex experiences of biracial and multiracial individuals. Clinical research often relies upon US Census Bureau categories, 5 which only began allowing participants to "mark one or more" races in the year 2000.…”

Section: Race: (Select One)mentioning

confidence: 99%

What Are You? A Biracial Physician on Nuanced Racism

2021

Ann Fam Med

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“… 7 , 14 Many factors may contribute to this difference, but Black physicians also face systemic racism. 15 Chronic exposure to the daily stressors of being Black in the United States undoubtedly contributes to the greater burden of chronic health conditions and shorter life expectancy for Black physicians compared with their White counterparts. 16 Further, when Black physicians enter the health care system as patients, they are at greater risk than their White colleagues of receiving lower-quality care at every level of disease severity and every stage of diagnosis and treatment for diseases affecting every organ system.…”

Section: Black Physicians Are More Likely To Have Chronic Health Condmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Academic medical centers and health care systems must no longer ignore the daily indignities Black physicians suffer because of the color of their skin. 15 These institutions must implement policies to protect their Black physicians from racist patients and from discriminatory evaluative practices. Individuals within these institutions must educate themselves about how the mere existence of cultural stereotypes perpetuates inequities.…”

Section: Going Forwardmentioning

confidence: 99%

Will Losing Black Physicians Be a Consequence of the COVID-19 Pandemic?

Filut

Carnes

2020

Academic Medicine

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A compelling case exists that increasing the number of Black physicians trained and practicing in the United States is one effective intervention to promote health equity and reduce the persistent health disparities that have become glaringly evident during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the U.S. physician workforce has relatively few Black physicians. Blacks comprise approximately 13% of the U.S. population but only 5% of practicing physicians. In this Invited Commentary, the authors caution that the COVID-19 pandemic may erode the meager progress that has been made in increasing the number of Black physicians. This loss of Black physicians may happen because Black patients are overrepresented among cases of COVID-19, Black physicians care for relatively more Black patients often in settings with less access to SARS-CoV-2 testing and personal protective equipment, and Black physicians have more comorbid chronic conditions that increase their own susceptibility to mortality from COVID-19. All organizations in which physicians train and practice must redouble their efforts to recruit, train, and retain Black physicians. If nothing else, the COVID-19 pandemic must make academic health centers and health care systems recognize Black physicians as the precious resource they are and protect and reward them accordingly.

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Discrimination Toward Physicians of Color: A Systematic Review

Cited by 61 publications

References 51 publications

Factors associated with underrepresented minority physician scientist trainee career choices

Factors associated with underrepresented minority physician scientist trainee career choices

What Are You? A Biracial Physician on Nuanced Racism

Will Losing Black Physicians Be a Consequence of the COVID-19 Pandemic?

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