Discrimination, violence, and suicide in transgender women in Iran

Nematollahi, Azar; Farnam, Farnaz; Gharibzadeh, Safoora; Khodakhah, Parisa

doi:10.1080/07399332.2021.1920944

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In contrast to the present study, in most studies, the average prevalence of HIV infection in transgender women based on a positive laboratory test was between 14 and 41% [ 21 , 22 , 36 , 37 ], which is significant, because more than 72% of participants in this study had never undergone HIV test. Also, these people have been deprived of other health services due to social stigma and discrimination [ 11 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many transgender women are unemployed due to widespread discrimination in the workplace for transgender people [ 10 ]. The results of a study in Iran showed that nearly 87% of transgender women experienced discrimination for being transgender [ 11 ]. These people are mistreated at work, deprived of their rights, or fired [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This study is part of a larger project on the reproductive and sexual health needs of transgender women. The frequency of violence, suicide and discrimination [ 11 ], as well as their quality of life, anxiety, depression and stress [ 20 ] are expressed in separate articles. In this study, sexual behavior of transgender women and their vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections were assessed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sexual behaviors and vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections among transgender women in Iran

et al. 2022

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Background Transgender people are at serious risk for HIV infection and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), they are four times more likely to experience HIV infection than the general population. The aim of this study was to assess sexual behaviors and vulnerability of transgender women to STIs including HIV. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted using convenient sampling from August 2019 to March 2020 in Iran at “Support center for Iranian transgender” and “Shiraz Forensic Medicine” where transgender individuals refer to follow the steps of gender affirmation. 127 transgender women participated in this study. A researcher-made questionnaire was applied for evaluating sexual behaviors, STIs and HIV. Results The mean age of participants and their age of sexual debut were 27.6 and 16.9, respectively. 92.1% of participants were single with experience of sex and 59.3% had one sex partner in the last 2 years. 96.9% of the participants were heterosexual with 67.2% reporting experiencing orgasm in at least 50% of their sexual intercourse. However, 42.5% reported sexual pain and the same percentage reported low or very low sexual satisfaction. About half of the participants used condoms occasionally during sex (48.7%) and the most important reason for not using condoms in most cases was not having a condom (37.9%). Some of participants had little knowledge of the symptoms (33.9%) and complications (44.1%) of STIs. Although 87.4% and 72.4% of participants had never been tested for a STI and HIV, 1.6% were HIV positive and 18.1% had a history of STIs. Also, 26% of people had undergone vaginoplasty and a significant association was observed between vaginoplasty with sexual satisfaction (p < 0. 01(. Conclusion Some of transgender women in this study were involved in high-risk sexual behaviors while unaware of the signs and symptoms of STIs. Also, despite reaching orgasm in most of their sexual relationships, they had little sexual satisfaction that could probably be related to body dissatisfaction, and lack of vaginoplasty in the majority of them. The need for gender affirming surgeries and psychiatric interventions affecting body satisfaction was identified in this group.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sexual behaviors and vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections among transgender women in Iran

et al. 2022

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“…Despite, legalizing the gender change process in Iran, transsexuals still have a high level of discrimination, violence, and suicidal behavior. It shows that these people are exposed to all kinds of threats without sufficient support from their families and society [ 12 ]. The experience of sexual violence among Iranian prostitutes indicates an increase in the prevalence of lifelong sexual violence.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The prevalence of violence and its association with mental health among the Iranian population in one year after the outbreak of COVID-19 disease

et al. 2023

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Background COVID-19 spread between and across nearly every country, with considerable negative health consequences. The current study aimed to determine the prevalence of violence and its association with mental health among Iranians older than 15 years in 2020. Methods Data was collected through National Mental Health Survey on 24,584 Iranians older than 15 years in 2020. were analyzed to determine the prevalence of violence and its association with mental health. Multi-stage sampling method was used, and data on demographic characteristics and domestic-social violence and mental health (GHQ-28) were collected. Data analysis was administered using descriptive statistics and a chi-square test at a 95% level. Results The mean age of participants was 44.18 ± 16.4 years. The overall prevalence of domestic and social violence was 11.4% and 5.5%, respectively. Verbal violence was the most common type; with 61.8% and 66.8% for domestic and social violence, respectively. A suspected case of mental disorder, female gender, being younger than 25 years, living apart together, unemployment, low education, and history of COVID-19 infection presented a significant association with domestic and social violence (p > 0.05). Conclusion In comparison to the previous study in 2015, the prevalence of violence has increased. Therefore, domestic and social violence are the social concerns of Iranian society, indicating the necessity of appropriate interventions, particularly for those suspected of mental disorders and young women with low education levels.

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“…In preparing the current research, a more extensive study on the reproductive and sexual health needs of transgender women was conducted. Sexual behaviors of transgender women [16] and their discrimination, violence, and suicide [17] are discussed in separate articles. The present article assessed the QoL, depression, anxiety, stress, and the contributing factors in transgender women.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quality of Life and Mental Health in Iranian Transgender Womefx qn per Socio-Demographic Differences

Nematollahi

Farnam

Damghanian

et al. 2022

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Background: Mental health issues and quality of life are among the critical items of general health in individuals, especially transgender subjects. The present study aimed to assess the quality of life, depression, anxiety, and stress in transgender women and determine the factors contributing to them. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on 127 Iranian transgender women using a convenience sampling method from August 2019 to April 2020. The Quality of Life (QOL) was determined using the World Health Organization (WHO) Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF). The DASS-21 questionnaire was employed to evaluate the subjects’ anxiety, depression, and stress. Results: In total, 48% of the individuals had a moderate QOL. The highest score was achieved in the physical health dimension and the lowest in social relationships. Depression, anxiety, and stress were severe and extremely severe in 22%, 20.4%, and 17.3% of the subjects, respectively. A significant relationship was observed between the overall perception of QOL and depression, anxiety, and stress (P<0.001). A significant positive association was observed between the subscales of QOL and education and favorable economic status among transgender women. Furthermore, a significant negative correlation existed between the subscales of QOL with age and sexual violence. Regarding mental health, education had a significant relationship with reduced stress and anxiety, and good economic status had a significant relationship with reduced depression. Still, sexual violence was associated with increased stress in individuals. Conclusion: The present study results emphasize that transgender women are at risk of mental health disorders, including depression, anxiety, and stress. These conditions are in close association with the quality of life in this population. Moreover, considering the high sexual violence in transgender women of the present study and its considerable effects on mental health disorders, there is a strong need to develop violence prevention services in the community and legal protections in this area. The culture of preventing violence against women in society should be emphasized, and education to families should be considered the first line of prevention.

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Discrimination, violence, and suicide in transgender women in Iran

Cited by 8 publications

References 25 publications

Sexual behaviors and vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections among transgender women in Iran

Sexual behaviors and vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections among transgender women in Iran

The prevalence of violence and its association with mental health among the Iranian population in one year after the outbreak of COVID-19 disease

Quality of Life and Mental Health in Iranian Transgender Womefx qn per Socio-Demographic Differences

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