“…Clinical sera from actual patients were used to demonstrate the effectiveness of this electrochemical sensor, and the results showed a LOD of 1 ng/mL. Electrochemical biosensors were created by Liv et al [72] using EDC:NHS functionalized GO and modified glassy carbon electrodes in combination with wildtype and omicron SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibodies. These biosensors were able to detect the antigen in nasopharyngeal swab samples, and the lowest detection levels were 0.76 and 0.24 ag/mL for wildtype and omicron SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigen protein, respectively.…”
COVID-19, a viral respiratory illness, is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which was first identified in Wuhan, China, in 2019 and rapidly spread worldwide. Testing and isolation were essential to control the virus’s transmission due to the severity of the disease. In this context, there is a global interest in the feasibility of employing nano-biosensors, especially those using graphene as a key material, for the real-time detection of the virus. The exceptional properties of graphene and the outstanding performance of nano-biosensors in identifying various viruses prompted a feasibility check on this technology. This paper focuses on the recent advances in using graphene-based electrochemical biosensors for sensing the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Specifically, it reviews various types of electrochemical biosensors, including amperometric, potentiometric, and impedimetric biosensors, and discusses the current challenges associated with biosensors for SARS-CoV-2 detection. The conclusion of this review discusses future directions in the field of electrochemical biosensors for SARS-CoV-2 detection, underscoring the importance of continued research and development in this domain.
“…Clinical sera from actual patients were used to demonstrate the effectiveness of this electrochemical sensor, and the results showed a LOD of 1 ng/mL. Electrochemical biosensors were created by Liv et al [72] using EDC:NHS functionalized GO and modified glassy carbon electrodes in combination with wildtype and omicron SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibodies. These biosensors were able to detect the antigen in nasopharyngeal swab samples, and the lowest detection levels were 0.76 and 0.24 ag/mL for wildtype and omicron SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigen protein, respectively.…”
COVID-19, a viral respiratory illness, is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which was first identified in Wuhan, China, in 2019 and rapidly spread worldwide. Testing and isolation were essential to control the virus’s transmission due to the severity of the disease. In this context, there is a global interest in the feasibility of employing nano-biosensors, especially those using graphene as a key material, for the real-time detection of the virus. The exceptional properties of graphene and the outstanding performance of nano-biosensors in identifying various viruses prompted a feasibility check on this technology. This paper focuses on the recent advances in using graphene-based electrochemical biosensors for sensing the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Specifically, it reviews various types of electrochemical biosensors, including amperometric, potentiometric, and impedimetric biosensors, and discusses the current challenges associated with biosensors for SARS-CoV-2 detection. The conclusion of this review discusses future directions in the field of electrochemical biosensors for SARS-CoV-2 detection, underscoring the importance of continued research and development in this domain.
“…While certain electrochemical sensors have been proposed and are in the works. These sensors identify specific biomarkers or antigens linked with COVID viruses and the detected signal is analysed and interpreted to determine the existence or concentration of SARS-CoV-2-associated biomarkers [ [52] , [53] , [54] , [55] ]. Fig.…”
Section: Potential Sensing Systems For Diagnosing Respiratory Infectionsmentioning
“…SARS‐CoV‐2 virus has evolved through unique mutations of the coronavirus variants worldwide [4,5] . Several biomarkers, namely spike (S) protein, nucleocapsid (N) protein, receptor binding domain (RBD), RNA genome and antibodies, have been reported previously in the literature for the early detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 [6–13] …”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[4,5] Several biomarkers, namely spike (S) protein, nucleocapsid (N) protein, receptor binding domain (RBD), RNA genome and antibodies, have been reported previously in the literature for the early detection of SARS-CoV-2. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] To date, several analytical diagnostic methods for SARS-CoV-2 detection have been implemented, such as the real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect the virus genomic structure and enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA) for antibodies detection against viral antigens in the human body. [14,15] Given their high sensitivity, these techniques are costly, have low reproducibility, produce false-negative or positive results and are unsuitable for point of care (POC) use in homes or clinics.…”
For the first time, a novel mercaptosuccinic acid‐capped tungsten telluride quantum dot (MSA‐WTe3‐QD)‐based electrochemical aptasensor was designed for the determination of SARS‐CoV‐2 N‐protein in synthetic human serum, plasma and urine. The MSA‐WTe3‐QD which exhibited spherical morphology and an average diameter of 3.56 nm were synthesized through a bottom‐up approach. The aptasensor was prepared by firstly immobilizing MSA‐WTe3‐QD on a screen‐printed carbon electrode (SPCE) by using the 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide/N‐hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS) coupling chemistry. Thereafter, amine‐terminated 90‐mer ssDNA aptamer was deposited on the modified SPCE and left to cure to form the aptasensor. Using the chronocoulometry signal transduction technique, the aptasensor's calibration with N‐protein gave a linear range value of 1–9 pg.mL−1 and a limit of detection (LOD) value of 0.08 pg.mL−1. The LOD value of the aptasensor was 8 times lower than the LOD value of 0.71 pg.mL−1 obtained with a commercial N‐protein ELISA kit. When tested in simulated real samples the aptasensor recovery rates of 95–103.33 % were obtained. In the presence of various interferents, the aptasensor displayed good selectivity to N‐protein.
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