Discriminative proprieties of Vary and Repeat contingencies

An analysis of procedures that affect response variability

“…Although previous researchers have found that intermittent schedules of reinforcement induce more response variability than continuous reinforcement schedules (e.g., Machado, ; Neuringer, ; Odum, Ward, Barnes, & Burke, ; Tatham, Wanchisen, & Hineline, ), the majority of research on the induction of response variability has focused on the role of extinction. For example, basic researchers (e.g., Kinloch, Foster, & McEwan, ; Morgan & Lee, ; Souza & Abreu‐Rodrigues, ) have found that extinction will (a) produce increases in variability in a variety of response dimensions, (b) inhibit subsequent development of response variability by reinforcement, and (c) may produce higher variability after a history of reinforcement for variation and lower variability after a history of reinforcement for repetition. Furthermore, applied researchers have found that extinction is an effective procedure for increasing variability of socially relevant responses (e.g., martial arts skills, play skills, or mands), but that this induction decreases over time (Betz, Higbee, Kelley, Sellers, & Pollard, ; Grow, Kelley, Roane, and Shillingsburg, ; Harding, Wacker, Berg, Rick, & Lee, ; Lalli, Zanolli, & Whon, ; Valentino, Shillingsburg, Call, Burton, and Bowen, ).…”

“…Although lag schedules are effective at increasing response variability, in some situations, it may be useful to bring variation and repetition under antecedent control (e.g., saying a greeting in the presence of a new person and discussing different topics in the presence of people you already know). To that end, several basic researchers (e.g., Denney & Neuringer, ; Page & Neuringer, ; Souza & Abreu‐Rodrigues, ; Ward, Kynaston, Bailey, & Odum, ) have evaluated the role of stimulus control in the alteration of response variability. For example, after associating reinforcement of variation and repetition with distinct antecedent stimuli in a multiple schedule, Page and Neuringer found that pigeons would reliably switch from variable responding to stereotyped responding under control of changes in stimuli.…”

Recaída de Variabilidade Operante com a Combinação dos Procedimentos de Renovação, Restabelecimento e Ressurgência

“…Na Fase de Teste, a resposta alvo continua sem produzir reforços, mas reforços independentes do responder são liberados. A liberação desses reforços é comumente acompanhada pelo reaparecimento da resposta alvo, sugerindo que a recaída é ocasionada pelas propriedades discriminativas do reforço (e.g., Doughty G Chiaparini & J Abreu-Rodrigues et al, 2004;Miranda-Dukoski et al, 2015;Reid, 1958;Souza & Abreu-Rodrigues, 2010). Finalmente, no modelo de ressurgência, a resposta alvo também é inicialmente reforçada (Fase de Treino) e, em seguida, extinta (Fase de Eliminação).…”

Reaparecimento de sequências com diferentes números de respostas em contextos de extinção e de variação

“…Behavioral variability, however, can result directly from contingencies of reinforcers. In other words, different sequences can be generated when reinforcers are contingent to the emission of (a) sequences other than those previously reinforced (Page & Neuringer, 1985) or (b) sequences with low frequency and not so recent (Souza & Abreu-Rodrigues, 2006). Considering this, the third goal of the present study was to investigate if the explicit reinforcement of variation in the emission of other sequences (i.e., other than those reinforced in the Training and Elimination phases), compared with the extinction-induced variation, would differentially affect the resurgence of S1.…”