Discriminative relationship between covert oral behavior and the phonemic system in internal information processing.

Visual Imagery: Its Psychophysiological Components and Levels of Information Processing

“…Images of objects seem to be formed with a concomitant increase in eye movement activity and a relatively heightened activity in the preferred arm, as if perceptually and sensorially experiencing the object. The increased electromyographic activity is in conformity to previous findings in regard to linguistic processing [26], and imagination of handling an object [13,14]. The increased eye movement activity imagining an object conforms to the results of Antrobus et at.…”

Consciousness and Self-Regulation

“…As in the case of kinesthetic imagery, there is electromyographic evidence that covert muscle contractions occur in the appropriate area (i.e., the speech musculature) when subjects are asked to imagine speaking; in fact, the evidence is quite extensive (see , for a comprehensive review). The specificity of this covert speech activity was convincingly demonstrated in an experiment by McGuigan and Winstead (1974), in which the EMG was recorded from both the tongue and the lips while subjects read and mentally rehearsed words containing either labial (requiring the lips for pronounciation) or lingual (requiring the tongue for pronounciation) phonemes. As expected, the lip EMG was significantly higher than the tongue EMG when subjects mentally processed the labial words, whereas the reverse was true for lingual words.…”

Reading Rate and Comprehension: Implications for Designing Computer Technology to Facilitate Reading Comprehension

“…Some investigators (Rubenstein, Lewis & Rubenstein, 1971;Gough, 1972) have theorized that readers translate the printed word into its corresponding phonological code which is used to access meaning. Experimental paradigms and sophisticated apparatus have contributed to examining the processes that occur during silent reading (Rubenstein et al, 1971, McGuigan & Winstead, 1974. In a recent study, Freese (1996) investigated the relationship of subvocal 312 Computer Assisted Language Learning speech to reading rate and comprehension by means of electromyographic (EMG) recordings taken while participants (25 children) silently read two meaningful passages.…”