Discussion

Glassman, Harold N.

doi:10.1128/mmbr.30.3.657-659.1966

Cited by 38 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Thirdly, a few applied a dose-response function to calculate a probability of infection or a sensitivity and specificity rate. Kingdom, 1966-1968In 1966-1968, four districts in the UK were affected by FMDV (Gloster et al, 2005b;Henderson, 1969;Sellers and Forman, 1973;Smith and Hugh-Jones, 1969). Daily dosages at surrounding farms were calculated with a simplified version of the Gaussian dispersion equation Gloster et al, 1981).…”

Section: Foot-and-mouth Disease Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric dispersion modelling of bioaerosols that are pathogenic to humans and livestock – A review to inform risk assessment studies

Leuken

Swart

Havelaar

et al. 2016

Microbial Risk Analysis

122

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Section: Foot-and-mouth Disease Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric dispersion modelling of bioaerosols that are pathogenic to humans and livestock – A review to inform risk assessment studies

Leuken

Swart

Havelaar

et al. 2016

Microbial Risk Analysis

122

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“…In nonhuman primates, the incubation period ranges from 2 to 98 days among animals not vaccinated or treated with antibiotics, and evidence suggests that the duration of the incubation period is inversely related to the number of B anthracis-bearing particles to which the animals are exposed (ie, smaller doses result in longer incubation periods). [15][16][17] The hypothesis that the dose of spores is inversely related to incubation period in humans is supported by the Sverdlovsk experience; individuals who died of inhalational anthrax who both lived and worked outside the area of highest calculated dose had a prolonged median incubation period of 21 days. In contrast, those who both lived and worked within the highdose area had a median incubation period of only 10 days.…”

Section: Commentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatal Inhalational Anthrax in a 94-Year-Old Connecticut Woman

Barakat

Quentzel²,

Jernigan³

et al. 2002

JAMA

148

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We describe the 11th case of bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax reported in the United States. The presenting clinical features of this 94-year-old woman were subtle and nondistinctive. The diagnosis was recognized because blood cultures were obtained prior to administration of antibiotics, emphasizing the importance of this diagnostic test in evaluating ill patients who have been exposed to Bacillus anthracis. The patient's clinical course was characterized by progression of respiratory insufficiency, pleural effusions and pulmonary edema, and, ultimately, death. Although her B anthracis bacteremia was rapidly sterilized after initiation of antibiotic therapy, viable B anthracis was present in postmortem mediastinal lymph node specimens. The source of exposure to B anthracis in this patient is not known. Exposure to mail that was cross-contaminated as it passed through postal facilities contaminated with B anthracis spores is one hypothesis under investigation.

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“…The incubation period is uncertain, but estimates are generally in the range of 1–6 days for high‐dose exposures, with an incubation period of 43 days reported in one patient with a presumably low‐dose exposure [27]. In experimental inhalation anthrax, one monkey first developed clinical signs 98 days after exposure [34]. In the recent US experience, the median incubation period was 4 days (range, 4–6 days) [7].…”

Section: Clinical Characteristics Of Early Anthraxmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthrax in Europe: its epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and role in bioterrorism

Schmid

Kaufmann

2002

Clinical Microbiology and Infection

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In the 2001 bioterrorist attack in the United States, in which at least 22 cases of anthrax occurred, there was initial uncertainty as to whether the index case was acquired from natural sources, and many of the additional cases posed diagnostic challenges to clinicians unfamiliar with the disease. The existence in Europe of terrorist groups with demonstrated violent tendencies suggests Europe is not immune to bioterrorist attack, and the same epidemiological and clinical confusion could happen here. Bacillus anthracis is distributed widely in the soils of Europe and foci of animal disease occur, notably in southern and eastern Europe. Sporadic human cases occur in these areas, and occasional additional cases have been acquired from contaminated, imported materials or acquired in countries outside of Europe, where anthrax may be common. Depending upon the intent of a bioterrorist, illness-caused B. anthracis could take one of several clinical forms-inhalational, cutaneous or gastrointestinal-and each would pose diagnostic difficulties. Understanding the epidemiologic, pathophysiologic and bioterrorism principles of anthrax are the clinician's best means of early detection of cases.

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Discussion

Cited by 38 publications

References 4 publications

Atmospheric dispersion modelling of bioaerosols that are pathogenic to humans and livestock – A review to inform risk assessment studies

Atmospheric dispersion modelling of bioaerosols that are pathogenic to humans and livestock – A review to inform risk assessment studies

Fatal Inhalational Anthrax in a 94-Year-Old Connecticut Woman

Anthrax in Europe: its epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and role in bioterrorism

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