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Liquefaction of loose and saturated soils during earthquakes and strong ground motions has been a major cause of damage to buildings and earth embankments as well as other civil engineering structures. In order to evaluate the liquefaction potential and steady state characteristics of gravely sand of south west Tehran, a subsoil exploration program conducted dividing the region into 10 zones. In each zone of 500 mÂ500 m a borehole of 20 m deep was drilled. SPT was performed at one meter intervals in each borehole and a total of 200 samples were recovered. Soils of similar grain size distribution have been considered to have similar steady state characteristics, therefore consolidated undrained triaxial tests were performed on these soils of similar grain size distribution to evaluate the steady state strength. The steady state line for each soil type was derived. Comparing the steady state strengths with the shear stress due to an earthquake with a PGA of 0.35 g, the potential of sand liquefaction and flow failure in soil layers has been evaluated and the settlement of soil due to the liquefaction phenomena is calculated. Finally some recommendations for estimating the steady state strength from simple SPT test in gravely sands are presented.
Liquefaction of loose and saturated soils during earthquakes and strong ground motions has been a major cause of damage to buildings and earth embankments as well as other civil engineering structures. In order to evaluate the liquefaction potential and steady state characteristics of gravely sand of south west Tehran, a subsoil exploration program conducted dividing the region into 10 zones. In each zone of 500 mÂ500 m a borehole of 20 m deep was drilled. SPT was performed at one meter intervals in each borehole and a total of 200 samples were recovered. Soils of similar grain size distribution have been considered to have similar steady state characteristics, therefore consolidated undrained triaxial tests were performed on these soils of similar grain size distribution to evaluate the steady state strength. The steady state line for each soil type was derived. Comparing the steady state strengths with the shear stress due to an earthquake with a PGA of 0.35 g, the potential of sand liquefaction and flow failure in soil layers has been evaluated and the settlement of soil due to the liquefaction phenomena is calculated. Finally some recommendations for estimating the steady state strength from simple SPT test in gravely sands are presented.
The standard test method used to determine the hydraulic conductivity of a clean granular soil (rigid-wall permeameterconstant head difference) requires that the specimen be saturated with an air-vacuum pump. However, no method is provided to verify whether the sample is fully (100%) saturated. This paper proposes such a method and establishes its accuracy. The method allows for quality control of the rigid-wall permeameter itself: it can detect if it is watertight but not airtight, according to the achieved degree of saturation. A detailed example is given on a proposed data sheet. The reasons for partial saturation and the problems related to air bubbles are examined. The result of this examination is a simplified test to check a permeameter, based on the fact that for unsaturated conditions the hydraulic conductivity depends on which of two ways the water seeps in a given direction. A few modifications in the preparation of the specimen and the test procedure are suggested so as to improve the quality of test results.Selon la norme relative a la mesure de la conductivitC hydraulique des sols granulaires propres (permkamhtre a paroi rigide -essai a difference de charge constante), 1'Cchantillon doit &tre saturC a l'aide d'une pompe a vide. La norme ne propose toutefois pas de mCthode pour vCrifier si 1'Cchantillon est saturC a 100% ou non. Le prCsent article propose une mCthode dont il Ctablit la pricision. Cette mCthode permet de contr6ler la qualitC du permiamhire paroi rigide : on pourra savoir s'il est Ctanche a l'eau mais pas a l'air, selon le degrC de saturation atteint. Un exemple dCtaillC est trait6 sur une feuille d'essai proposCe. Les raisons d'une saturation partielle et les problhmes reliCs aux bulles d'air sont discutb. 11 en rCsulte un test simplifik pour vCrifier le permkamhtre, bask sur le fait que la conductivitC hydraulique, en rtgime non saturi, dCpend du sens de 1'Ccoulement dans une direction donnte. Quelques modifications dans la preparation de 1'Cchantillon et la procedure d'essai sont suggCrCes afin d'amCliorer la qualit6 des rCsultats.
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