“…Some promising research domains for machine learning in tunnelling are the geological prognosis ahead of the face, the interpretation of monitoring results, automation and maintenance [32]. At present, however, research appears to be focussed on the following topics: prediction of TBM operational parameters [34,[39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46], penetration rate [47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63], porewater pressure [64], ground settlement [65][66][67], disc cutter replacement [68][69][70], jamming risk [71,72] and geological classification [73][74][75][76]). Few authors estimated the face support pressure of TBMs with machine learning [35,52].…”