Disease burden, risk factors, and trends of lip, oral cavity, pharyngeal cancers: A global analysis

Abstract

BackgroundLip, oral and pharyngeal cancers make up a small percentage of total cancer cases worldwide and have reported lower rates of cancer‐related deaths globally in 2020, but their 5‐year survival rate in either early or advanced stages is different. The study evaluated the global incidence, mortality, risk factors, and temporal trends by age, gender, and geographical locations of lip, oral cavity, and pharyngeal cancer.MethodsIncidence and mortality rates were extracted from Cancer Incidence in Five Continents (CI5) volumes I‐XI, the Nordic Cancer Registries (NORDCAN), the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program, and the WHO IARC mortality database. Joinpoint regression was used to calculate the Average Annual Percentage Change to examine trends.ResultsThe highest incidence rates were found in Melanesia and South‐Central Asia and mortality rates were 8.2 and 7.5. Risk factors associated with incidence and mortality included HDI, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, poor diet, and chronic health conditions such as hypertension. Increasing trends of incidence and mortality were observed in females from Malta; males aged 50 and above from the United Kingdom, and females aged 50 and above from Slovakia reporting the largest increase.ConclusionsAlthough global incidence and mortality trends reported an overall decrease, significant increases were found for older age groups and female subjects. Incidence increase may be due to the growing prevalence of lifestyle, metabolic risk factors, and HPV infections, especially in developed countries.

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“…Chewing areca nut is a primary risk factor for oral cancer in Melanesia, South-Central Asia, and Southeastern Asia [1][2][3][4][5]. Derived from the seed of the betel palm (Areca catechu), areca nut is consumed by approximately 600 million people globally.…”

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“…Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the eighth most common cancer worldwide, with over 878,000 new cases and over 444,000 deaths in 2020 [ 1 ]. Its 5-year survival rate is approximately 50%, ranging from 80% for stage I to as low as 20% for stages III/IV [ 2 ]. The association of late diagnosis with low survival is especially problematic, since no screening strategy has proved to be effective to this day [ 3 ].…”