DISEASE IN CODLING MOTH LARVAE PRODUCED BY SEVERAL STRAINS OF <i>BACILLUS CEREUS</i>

Stephens, June M.

doi:10.1139/z52-002

Cited by 36 publications

(23 citation statements)

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“…Previous studies have indicated a possible correlation between phospholipase activity and the entomopathogenic properties of B. thuringiensis (Heimpel, 1955 ;Krieg, 1971 ;Stephens, 1952). Two phosphatidylcholine esterases are known to be encoded by PlcRregulated genes (Agaisse et al, 1999).…”

Section: Cytotoxic and Haemolytic Activities Are Controlled By Plcrmentioning

confidence: 99%

The plcR regulon is involved in the opportunistic properties of Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus cereus in mice and insects

Ramisse²,

et al. 2000

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Bacillus thuringiensis has been widely used for 40 years as a safe biopesticide for controlling agricultural pests and mosquitoes because it produces insecticidal crystal proteins. However, spores have also been shown to contribute to overall entomopathogenicity. Here, the opportunistic properties of acrystalliferous B. thuringiensis Cry N and Bacillus cereus strains were investigated in an insect species, Galleria mellonella, and in a mammal, BALB/c mice. In both animal models, the pathogenicity of the two bacterial species was similar. Mutant strains were constructed in which the plcR gene, encoding a pleiotropic regulator of extracellular factors, was disrupted. In larvae, coingestion of 10 6 spores of the parental strain with a sublethal concentration of Cry1C toxin caused 70 % mortality whereas only 7 % mortality was recorded if spores of the ∆plcR mutant strain were used. In mice, nasal instillation of 10 8 spores of the parental strain caused 100 % mortality whereas instillation with the same number of ∆plcR strain spores caused much lower or no mortality. Similar effects were obtained if vegetative cells were used instead of spores.The cause of death is unknown and is unlikely to be due to actual growth of the bacteria in mice. The lesions caused by B. thuringiensis supernatant in infected mice suggested that haemolytic toxins were involved. The cytolytic properties of strains of B. thuringiensis and B. cereus, using sheep, horse and human erythrocytes and G. mellonella haemocytes, were therefore investigated. The level of cytolytic activity is highly reduced in ∆plcR strains.Together, the results indicate that the pathogenicity of B. thuringiensis strain 407 and B. cereus strain ATCC 14579 is controlled by PlcR.

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Section: Cytotoxic and Haemolytic Activities Are Controlled By Plcrmentioning

confidence: 99%

The plcR regulon is involved in the opportunistic properties of Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus cereus in mice and insects

Ramisse²,

et al. 2000

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“…Bacilltis cerezls Frankland and Franklancl, strain CRII1-3 (47), is mildly pathogenic to wax 1110th larvae by injection; the LDjo is about 1500. So as not to introduce living ~iiaterial into the larvae, the vaccine was prepared b \~ boiling a pliysiological saline suspension of B. cerezis (rods and spores) for $ hour.…”

Section: Immune Responses Of Wax Moth Larvae To Other Bacterial Antigensmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These results may indicate tliat tlie antigen of B. cerezis is not enhanced in vaccinated wax moth blood, tliough the possibility that the methocl of preparation of the vaccine probably liad a ha]-mful effect 011 the antigen must not be overlooked; it was kno\v11 t.o be difficult to immunize rabbits wit11 lieat-killed cultures of B . cerezrs (47). For personal use only.…”

Section: Immune Responses Of Wax Moth Larvae To Other Bacterial Antigensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune Responses of Some Insects to Some Bacterial Antigens

Stephens¹

1959

Can. J. Microbiol.

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schroeter) Migula antigen remained in the blood of larvae of the wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.), during the resistant period of the insect. Bacterial antigen present in the immune blood produces agglutinating titers in rabbits about 10 times as great a s those produced by a n approximately equal volume of standard P. aeruginosa vaccine. Attempts to demonstrate the mechanism that enhances the antigen showed that the active portion was contained in the serum, that the action occurred within several hours in vivo and only reached the same level after 3 days in vitro mixture, and that the action was probably not caused by lysis of the bacterial cells and the consequent liberation of more antigen in the blood. Electrophoretic studies on the blood mixture indicated that the altered or enhanced antigen may be bound to a blood fraction, the exact nature of which was not determined. The larvae were actively or passively immunized against lethal doses of P. aert~gginosa within 20 to 24 hours. Concentration of vaccine had little effect upon the degree of immunity conferred upon the larvae. T h e immunity lasted about three days and was more specific than nonspecific. The larvae were not actively protected against P. aeruginosa by introductioil of albuminous foreign material into the body cavity. True antibodies were not detectable in the immune blood though the bactericidal action of immune blood was a t least twice as great a s that of normal blood. Preliminary investigations on immune responses of other lepidopterous insects to P. aeruginosa antigen and of the wax moth to antigens of some other Gram-negative bacteria indicated similar results. lManuscript received October 17, 1958. Contribution No. 3864,

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“…B. cereus can cause opportunistic food-borne gastroenteritis and local/systemic infections in immunocompromised humans (85). Both B. thuringiensis (with and without Cry toxins) and B. cereus strains are highly pathogenic when injected directly into the hemocoels of insect larvae, in which they cause lethal septicemia (46,82,86,96).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

ThedltOperon ofBacillus cereusIs Required for Resistance to Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides and for Virulence in Insects

et al. 2009

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The dlt operon encodes proteins that alanylate teichoic acids, the major components of cell walls of gram-positive bacteria. This generates a net positive charge on bacterial cell walls, repulsing positively charged molecules and conferring resistance to animal and human cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in grampositive pathogenic bacteria. AMPs damage the bacterial membrane and are the most effective components of the humoral immune response against bacteria. We investigated the role of the dlt operon in insect virulence by inactivating this operon in Bacillus cereus, which is both an opportunistic human pathogen and an insect pathogen. The ⌬dlt Bc mutant displayed several morphological alterations but grew at a rate similar to that for the wild-type strain. This mutant was less resistant to protamine and several bacterial cationic AMPs, such as nisin, polymyxin B, and colistin, in vitro. It was also less resistant to molecules from the insect humoral immune system, lysozyme, and cationic AMP cecropin B from Spodoptera frugiperda. ⌬dlt Bc was as pathogenic as the wild-type strain in oral infections of Galleria mellonella but much less virulent when injected into the hemocoels of G. mellonella and Spodoptera littoralis. We detected the dlt operon in three gram-negative genera: Erwinia (Erwinia carotovora), Bordetella (Bordetella pertussis, Bordetella parapertussis, and Bordetella bronchiseptica), and Photorhabdus (the entomopathogenic bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens TT01, the dlt operon of which did not restore cationic AMP resistance in ⌬dlt Bc ). We suggest that the dlt operon protects B. cereus against insect humoral immune mediators, including hemolymph cationic AMPs, and may be critical for the establishment of lethal septicemia in insects and in nosocomial infections in humans.

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DISEASE IN CODLING MOTH LARVAE PRODUCED BY SEVERAL STRAINS OF BACILLUS CEREUS

Abstract: This paper describes a bacteriological study of strains of Bacillzts cereus Frankland and Frankland producing disease in codling moth larvae and an investigation of their pathogenicity. Strains of the bacterium were pathogenic t o the codling moth by feeding or by injection.

Cited by 36 publications

References 1 publication

The plcR regulon is involved in the opportunistic properties of Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus cereus in mice and insects

The plcR regulon is involved in the opportunistic properties of Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus cereus in mice and insects

Immune Responses of Some Insects to Some Bacterial Antigens

ThedltOperon ofBacillus cereusIs Required for Resistance to Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides and for Virulence in Insects

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