Disease incidence, identification, and monthly fluctuations in the population density of root-knot nematodesMeloidogyne javanicaon cucumber plants in Semel District, Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Abstract

A survey was performed in four locations of Semel District – as follows: Sartenk, Qesir yazdin, Sharia, and Grshin (Bawerde) – by selecting 4 greenhouses planted with cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L.) on each location, during both growing seasons (spring and autumn) of the year 2015. The results showed that the incidence of root-knot disease increased to its maximum level (37.48%) in the autumn season and then decreased to its minimum level (34.67%) in the spring season. According to the surveyed locations, the highest disease incidence (73.05%) was recorded in Sartenk location and the lowest (13.54%) in Sharia location. Results of the interaction between the locations and seasons revealed that the highest disease incidence (80.5%) appeared in Sartenk location during the autumn growing season followed by 65.60% in the same location during the spring growing season, whereas the lowest percentage was reported in Sharia during the spring season (3.47%). Depending on the perineal patterns for species identification of Meloidogyne spp. on cucumber plants, results showed the presence of Meloidogyne javanica in all surveyed locations. Generally, in one of the greenhouses of Sartenk location, the population density of M. javanica reached its maximum level (1,762 nematodes/200 gm soil) in September 2015, while the minimum level (337.5 nematodes/200 gm soil) was recorded in May the same year.

Kuzey Irak’taki sera sebzelerinde kök-ur nematodu türlerinin dağılımı ve yaygınlığı

“…This study constitutes a comprehensive survey of RKN on vegetables in greenhouses in northern Iraq. Except for the study of Ami et al (2018), the previous RKN surveys of vegetables in Iraq were conducted in open fields (Al-Saaedy & Stephan, 1986;Al-Sabie & Ami, 1990;Al-Kubaicy & Al-Sabe'a, 2014;Kandouh et al, 2018). Ami et al (2018) reported the occurrence of M. javanica in cucumber in 16 greenhouses from four locations in Semel district of Duhok Province.…”

“…Except for the study of Ami et al (2018), the previous RKN surveys of vegetables in Iraq were conducted in open fields (Al-Saaedy & Stephan, 1986;Al-Sabie & Ami, 1990;Al-Kubaicy & Al-Sabe'a, 2014;Kandouh et al, 2018). Ami et al (2018) reported the occurrence of M. javanica in cucumber in 16 greenhouses from four locations in Semel district of Duhok Province. RKN survey in open fields in various locations in northern Iraq found M. javanica and M. incognita in tomato in Duhok, M. javanica in eggplant in Erbil (Al-Sabie & Ami, 1990).…”

“…Four of these species (Meloidogyne arenaria Neal, 1889, Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood, 1949, Meloidogyne incognita Kofoid & White, 1919and Meloidogyne javanica Treub, 1885 have been present in this country for many years (Katcho, 1972;Katcho et al, 1976;Stephen et al, 1977Stephen et al, , 1985Al-Saaedy & Stephan, 1986;Stephan, 1997) whereas Meloidogyne cruciani Garcia-Martinez, Taylor & Smart, 1982 was only recently recorded as a new species for Iraq (Hasan et al, 2020). These species have been reported to infest vegetable crops in various regions of Iraq (Al-Saaedy & Stephan, 1986;Al-Sabie & Ami, 1990;Stephan, 1997;Al-Kubaicy & Al-Sabe'a, 2014;Ami et al, 2018;Kandouh et al, 2018;Hasan et al, 2020). Of these studies, only one was conducted in greenhouses (Ami et al, 2018), while other studies were in open fields.…”

“…These species have been reported to infest vegetable crops in various regions of Iraq (Al-Saaedy & Stephan, 1986;Al-Sabie & Ami, 1990;Stephan, 1997;Al-Kubaicy & Al-Sabe'a, 2014;Ami et al, 2018;Kandouh et al, 2018;Hasan et al, 2020). Of these studies, only one was conducted in greenhouses (Ami et al, 2018), while other studies were in open fields. Consequently, there is a lack of information on the distribution and identification of RKNs in the greenhouses in Iraq.…”

“…In most of these studies, which were conducted to detect Meloidogyne spp. in Iraq, species identification was only made by microscopic examination of perineal patterns of the females (Al-Saaedy & Stephan, 1986;Al-Sabie & Ami, 1990;Ali et al, 2014;Al-Kubaicy & Al-Sabe'a, 2014;Ami et al, 2018;Kandouh et al, 2018;Aljuboori & Al-Hakeem, 2020). More recently, a few reports indicated that molecular methods were used for species identification combined with the perineal patterns (Hasan & Abood, 2018;Hanoon et al, 2018;Hasan et al, 2020).…”