Disease-Modifying Immunotherapy for the Management of Autoimmune Diabetes

Abstract

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease that destroys the insulin-secreting β-cells of the pancreas. It is now possible to predict those candidates that will progress to T1D before the full onset of the disease. Prevention of uncontrollable autoimmunity against β-cells in therapies for T1D is mandatory to preserve the β-cell mass. Therefore, immunomodulatory strategies directed to inhibiting the activity of self-reactive T cell clones as well as induction of regulatory T cells would be beneficial for prevention of T1D or recurrence of β-cell autoimmunity against islet cell allografts.

Clearing the Dead: Apoptotic Cell Sensing, Recognition, Engulfment, and Digestion

“…Furthermore, the tolerogenic nature of apoptotic cell clearance has led to the emergence of potential new therapies using apoptotic cells for the prevention of transplant rejection and modulating autoimmune conditions such as type 1 diabetes (Castro et al 2010;Morelli and Larregina 2010).…”

Pluripotent Nontumorigenic Adipose Tissue-Derived Muse Cells have Immunomodulatory Capacity Mediated by Transforming Growth Factor-β1

“…Splenocytes from NOD BDC2.5 mice were obtained as previously described and stimulated with the mimotope (Ac‐MVLPLWVRME‐NH 2 ) during the time indicated in the presence or absence of conditioned media (CM) . Detection of IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, and IL‐10 in supernatants was performed according to manufacturer's protocol using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay sets (BioLegend).…”

“…The autoreactive BDC2.5 CD4 + T clone resembles effector T cells of the T helper 1 (Th1) phenotype in that it produces interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ), and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) on antigen stimulation. Thus, the BDC2.5 T clone is a very useful model for the study of antigen‐specific CD4 + T lymphocyte regulation in Th1‐driven autoimmune diabetes .…”