Disease Resistance Mechanisms in Plants

Abstract

Plants have developed a complex defense system against diverse pests and pathogens. Once pathogens overcome mechanical barriers to infection, plant receptors initiate signaling pathways driving the expression of defense response genes. Plant immune systems rely on their ability to recognize enemy molecules, carry out signal transduction, and respond defensively through pathways involving many genes and their products. Pathogens actively attempt to evade and interfere with response pathways, selecting for a decentralized, multicomponent immune system. Recent advances in molecular techniques have greatly expanded our understanding of plant immunity, largely driven by potential application to agricultural systems. Here, we review the major plant immune system components, state of the art knowledge, and future direction of research on plant–pathogen interactions. In our review, we will discuss how the decentralization of plant immune systems have provided both increased evolutionary opportunity for pathogen resistance, as well as additional mechanisms for pathogen inhibition of such defense responses. We conclude that the rapid advances in bioinformatics and molecular biology are driving an explosion of information that will advance agricultural production and illustrate how complex molecular interactions evolve.

Combined De Novo Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis of Common Bean Response to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli Infection

“…Once, the FOP has established itself in bean tissues, the fragments released in response to disruption of the first line of defense i.e., cell-wall (galacturonic acid-containing fragments) act as signals and mediate defense response by strengthening defensive barriers i.e., CEBiP and CERK. In this regard, the high activation of fungal elicitor immediate early-responsive genes in FO-24 as compared to CK-24 confirms that such signals are received by common bean root tissues [18,22,36]. Involvement of GPI-APs with extracellular ligands such as pathogen molecules as well as other ligands i.e., phytohormones, signaling polypeptides, leads to the phosphorylation of the intracellular kinase domain, which consequently activate cytoplasmic signaling components and switch on the response mechanisms.…”

Impact of plant genotype and plant habitat in shaping bacterial pathobiome: a comparative study in olive tree

“…Cobrançosa, may be due to differential metabolite alterations occurring on both cultivars upon Pss infection. Indeed, plants can defend themselves against pathogens by a variety of mechanisms that enable the detection of pathogen invasion and activation of a defense response 22 . This defensive response is highly complex and involves a cellular reprogramming that is characterized by an altered plant metabolism with the biosynthesis of defensive compounds 23 .…”

Potential Biostimulant Effect of Clam Shells on Growth Promotion of Plantain PIF Seedlings (<i>var</i>. Big Ebanga & Batard) and Relation to Black Sigatoka Disease Susceptibility

“…[21], chilli/chitosan/Colletotrichum capsica [22], millet/chitosan derivatives/Pyricola grisea [23], tomato/crab shells/Fusarium oxysporum [24] and cocoa/oyster shells/P. megakarya [20] through the possible triggering of biochemical pathways associated with growth promotion and disease resistance [8] [25] [26]. Shells, chitin sources and derivatives (chitin and chitosan-based polymers) contents chitin, calcium and magnesium carbonate, protein … [10].…”