Disease Risks Posed by Wild Birds Associated with Agricultural Landscapes

Clark, Larry

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-404611-5.00007-5

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 163 publications

(93 reference statements)

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“…Handling and consuming undercooked game meat is another direct source of enteric pathogens (Navarro‐Gonzalez et al ., ). Indirect sources include contaminated produce (Gardner et al ., ), infected livestock (Carlson et al ., ; Hald et al ., ), contaminated water (Lu et al ., ; Strawn et al ., ; Clark, ; Marine et al ., ), and domesticated household cats infected as a result of consuming birds (Fichtel, ; Tizard, ), among other sources (e.g. Penfold, Amery & Morley Peet, ; Neal & Slack, ; Ejidokun et al ., ).…”

Section: Conceptual Framework For Understanding Spillover Of Enteric mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Flies could also mechanically vector pathogens from wild bird faeces to sensitive crop areas or to chickens that consume the contaminated arthropods (Skov et al ., ). Further, wild birds such as geese and ducks could contaminate produce by defecating in irrigation water (Lu et al ., ; Strawn et al ., ; Clark, ; Marine et al ., ).…”

Section: Conceptual Framework For Understanding Spillover Of Enteric mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although many reviews at least briefly discuss enteric pathogen transmission between wildlife, livestock, and/or humans (e.g. Hancock et al ., ; Haag‐Wackernagel & Moch, ; Hubálek, ; Tizard, ; Wassenaar, ; Clark, ; Navarro‐Gonzalez et al ., ), they lack a robust framework from which to develop future risk models (e.g. frameworks provided by Plowright et al ., ; Cross et al ., ; Washburne et al ., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Are we overestimating risk of enteric pathogen spillover from wild birds to humans?

2020

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Enteric illnesses remain the second largest source of communicable diseases worldwide, and wild birds are suspected sources for human infection. This has led to efforts to reduce pathogen spillover through deterrence of wildlife and removal of wildlife habitat, particularly within farming systems, which can compromise conservation efforts and the ecosystem services wild birds provide. Further, Salmonella spp. are a significant cause of avian mortality, leading to additional conservation concerns. Despite numerous studies of enteric bacteria in wild birds and policies to discourage birds from food systems, we lack a comprehensive understanding of wild bird involvement in transmission of enteric bacteria to humans. Here, we propose a framework for understanding spillover of enteric pathogens from wild birds to humans, which includes pathogen acquisition, reservoir competence and bacterial shedding, contact with people and food, and pathogen survival in the environment. We place the literature into this framework to identify important knowledge gaps. Second, we conduct a meta-analysis of prevalence data for three human enteric pathogens, Campylobacter spp., E. coli, and Salmonella spp., in 431 North American breeding bird species. Our literature review revealed that only 3% of studies addressed the complete system of pathogen transmission. In our meta-analysis, we found a Campylobacter spp. prevalence of 27% across wild birds, while prevalence estimates of pathogenic E. coli (20%) and Salmonella spp. (6.4%) were lower. There was significant bias in which bird species have been tested, with most studies focusing on a small number of taxa that are common near people (e.g. European starlings Sturnus vulgaris and rock pigeons Columba livia) or commonly in contact with human waste (e.g. gulls). No pathogen prevalence data were available for 65% of North American breeding bird species, including many commonly in contact with humans (e.g. black-billed magpie Pica hudsonia and great blue heron Ardea herodias), and our metadata suggest that some under-studied species, taxonomic groups, and guilds may represent equivalent or greater risk to human infection than heavily studied species. We conclude that current data do not provide sufficient information to determine the likelihood of enteric pathogen spillover from wild birds to humans and thus preclude management solutions. The primary focus in the literature on pathogen prevalence likely overestimates the probability of enteric pathogen spillover from wild birds to humans because a pathogen must survive long enough at an infectious dose and be a strain that is able to colonize humans to cause infection. We propose that future research should focus on the large number of under-studied species commonly in contact with people and food production and demonstrate shedding of bacterial strains pathogenic to humans into the environment where people may contact them. Finally, studies assessing the duration and intensity of bacterial shedding and survival of bacteria in the environme...

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Section: Conceptual Framework For Understanding Spillover Of Enteric mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Conceptual Framework For Understanding Spillover Of Enteric mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Are we overestimating risk of enteric pathogen spillover from wild birds to humans?

2020

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“…Wild bird populations are widely recognized as potential causes of significant economic losses due to crop damage (8), and they pose a potential public health concern due to foodborne pathogen carriage. Whereas large mammals can be kept out of produce fields by adequate fencing, growers have expressed concerns about the challenges of minimizing wild bird intrusions and the subsequent potential for pathogen contamination of produce, soil, and water.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the large diversity of avian taxa, a few bird taxonomic groups and species have received most attention for foodborne pathogen research. Recent reviews highlight that published research on foodborne pathogens in birds in agricultural land is scarce and focused on a few species (8,16), which is not representative of the diverse avian community that can be found in agricultural landscapes. Geese and swans (17) with particular emphasis on Canada geese (18), European starlings, house sparrows (Passer domesticus), and feral pigeons (Columba livia) are often the main targets of foodborne pathogen studies and reviews, especially urban populations of those species (19).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Carriage and Subtypes of Foodborne Pathogens Identified in Wild Birds Residing near Agricultural Lands in California: a Repeated Cross-Sectional Study

Navarro-González

Wright

Aminabadi

et al. 2020

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Current California agricultural practices strive to comanage food safety and habitat conservation on farmland. However, the ecology of foodborne pathogens in wild bird populations, especially those avian species residing in proximity to fresh produce production fields, is not fully understood. In this repeated cross-sectional study, avifauna within agricultural lands in California were sampled over 1 year. Feces, oral swabs, and foot/feather swabs were cultured for zoonotic Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, and non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) and characterized by serotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Of 60 avian species sampled, 8 species (13.3%, bird groups of sparrows, icterids, geese, wrens, and kinglets) were positive for at least one of these foodborne pathogens. At the individual bird level, the detection of foodborne pathogens was infrequent in feces (n = 583; 0.5% Salmonella, 0.34% E. coli O157:H7, and 0.5% non-O157 STEC) and in feet/feathers (n = 401; 0.5% non-O157 STEC), and it was absent from oral swabs (n = 353). Several subtypes of public health importance were identified, including Salmonella enterica serotype Newport, E. coli O157:H7, and STEC serogroups O103 and O26. In late summer and autumn, the same STEC subtype was episodically found in several individuals of the same and different avian species, suggesting a common source of contamination in the environment. Sympatric free-range cattle shared subtypes of STEC O26 and O163 with wild geese. A limited rate of positive detection in wild birds provides insights into broad risk profile for contamination considerations but cannot preclude or predict risk on an individual farm. IMPORTANCE The shedding dynamics of foodborne pathogens by wild birds on farmland are not well characterized. This yearlong study sampled wild birds for foodborne pathogens within agricultural lands in northern California. There was a low prevalence of Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, and non-O157 Shiga-toxin producing E. coli (prevalence, 0.34% to 0.50%) identified in bird populations in this study. However, pathogens of public health importance (such as Salmonella Newport, E. coli O157:H7, and STEC O103 and O26) were identified in fecal samples, and two birds carried STEC on their feet or feathers. Identical pathogen strains were shared episodically among birds and between wild geese and free-range cattle. This result suggests a common source of contamination in the environment and potential transmission between species. These findings can be used to assess the risk posed by bird intrusions in produce fields and enhance policy decisions toward the comanagement of food safety and farmland habitat conservation.

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Wild Birds and Zoonotic Pathogens

Vogt¹

2023

Zoonoses: Infections Affecting Humans and Animals

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Disease Risks Posed by Wild Birds Associated with Agricultural Landscapes

Cited by 12 publications

References 163 publications

Are we overestimating risk of enteric pathogen spillover from wild birds to humans?

Are we overestimating risk of enteric pathogen spillover from wild birds to humans?

Carriage and Subtypes of Foodborne Pathogens Identified in Wild Birds Residing near Agricultural Lands in California: a Repeated Cross-Sectional Study

Wild Birds and Zoonotic Pathogens

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