Disease transmission by cannibalism: rare event or common occurrence?

Rudolf, Volker H. W.; Antonovics, Janis

doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.0449

Cited by 80 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…In marine diseases transmitted by close contact between susceptible and dead infected individuals (Rudolf and Antonovics 2007) (SID model) rather than contact between susceptible and live infected individuals (standard SI model), transmission is regulated by the decay or removal by scavengers of dead animals. True scavengers do not exist in the marine world; however, many predators scavenge adventitiously (Hoese 1962, Veale et al 2000, Morello et al 2005.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ogut et al 2005) and mammals such as seals (Becher et al 2002) where the disease is transmitted through rubbing. In corals, contact between sea fans when growing close together (Smith et al 1996 (Richardson 2004, Zvuloni et al 2009) and Aspergillosis (Jolles et al 2002) in corals; Withering syndrome (WS) in abalone (Moore , et al , 2001(Moore , et al , , 2002 (Richardson 2004, Zvuloni et al 2009) and Aspergillosis (Jolles et al 2002) in corals through breakdown of decaying tissue; abalone with WS (Moore , et al , 2001(Moore , et al , , 2002 and shrimp with White spot disease (Rudolf and Antonovics 2007) shed particles during decay and scavenging processes SIP-F Filtration of infective particles released by infected individuals; dose dependence OsHV1 in pacific oysters (Schikorski et al 2011); MSX (Haskin et al 1966) and Dermo (Mackin et al 1950) …”

Section: Theoretical Basis For the Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Marine infectious disease dynamics and outbreak thresholds: contact transmission, pandemic infection, and the potential role of filter feeders

Bidegain

Powell

Klinck³

et al. 2016

Ecosphere

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Abstract. Disease-causing organisms can have significant impacts on marine species and communities.However, the dynamics that underlie the emergence of disease outbreaks in marine ecosystems still lack the equivalent level of description, conceptual understanding, and modeling context routinely present in the terrestrial systems. Here, we propose a theoretical basis for modeling the transmission of marine infectious diseases (MIDs) developed from simple models of the spread of infectious disease. The models represent the dynamics of a variety of host-pathogen systems including those unique to marine systems where transmission of disease is by contact with waterborne pathogens both directly and through filter-feeding processes. Overall, the analysis of the epizootiological models focused on the most relevant processes that interact to drive the initiation and termination of epizootics. A priori, systems with multistep disease infections (e.g., infection-death-particle release-filtration-transmission) reduced dependence on individual parameters resulting in inherently slower transmissions rates. This is demonstrably not the case; thus, these alternative transmission pathways must also considerably increase the rates of processes involved in transmission. Scavengers removing dead infected animals may inhibit disease spread in both contact-based and waterborne pathogen-based diseases. The capacity of highly infected animals, both alive and dead, to release a substantial number of infective elements into the water column, making them available to suspension feeders results in such diseases being highly infective with a very small "low-abundance refuge". In these systems, the body burden of pathogens and the relative importance between the release and the removal rate of pathogens in the host tissue or water column becomes paramount. Two processes are of potential consequence inhibiting epizootics. First, large water volumes above the benthic susceptible populations can function as a sink for pathogens. Second, unlike contact-based disease models in which an increase in the number of susceptible individuals in the population increases the likelihood of transmission and epizootic development, large populations of filter feeders can reduce this likelihood through the overfiltration of infective particles.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Theoretical Basis For the Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marine infectious disease dynamics and outbreak thresholds: contact transmission, pandemic infection, and the potential role of filter feeders

Bidegain

Powell

Klinck³

et al. 2016

Ecosphere

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“…Not only live infected animals but also dead infected animals can transmit the pathogen through contact. For example, polar bears, fish, shrimps, and amphipods can get infected by contacting or feeding on dead carcases (Lotz and Soto, 2002;Lotz et al, 2003;Rudolf and Antonovics, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is the case of the susceptible animal contacting with or filtering infective particles from the environment once are released by living or dead infected individuals; that is, the case of black-band disease (Richardson, 2004;Zvuloni et al, 2009) and Aspergillosis (Jolles et al, 2002) in corals, whithering syndrome (WS) in abalone (Moore et al, 2001(Moore et al, , 2002 and transmission of trematode cercariae (De Montaudouin et al, 1998), shrimps with White-Spot disease (Rudolf and Antonovics, 2007) shedding particles during decay and scavenging processes, OsHV1virus in pacific oysters (Schikorski et al, 2011), MSX (Haskin et al, 1966) and Dermo (Mackin et al, 1950) diseases in oysters; Perkinsosis in clams (Paillard, 2004;Dang et al, 2010). The proliferation of these marine infectious diseases are causing mass mortalities (Ward and Lafferty, 2004;Burge et al, 2014;Lafferty et al, 2015) threatening ecologically valuable habitats and resulting in substantial economic losses in fisheries and aquaculture (Walker and Winton, 2010;Lafferty et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discrete stochastic marine metapopulation disease model

Bidegain

Ben‐Horin

2019

Preprint

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Some marine microparasitic pathogens can survive several months outside the host in the water column to make contact with or to be absorbed or filtered by hosts. Once inside, pathogens invade the host if they find suitable conditions for reproduction within the host. This transmission from the environment occurs via pathogens released from infected and dead infected animals. Some recent modeling studies concentrated on the disease dynamic imposed by this complex interaction between population and water column at the host-pathogen level in single populations using a deterministic and continuous time model approach. Only when a marine disease can be understood at the metapopulation scale effective approaches to management will become routinely achievable. In this paper we explore the disease dynamics at the metapopulation level applying a stochastic version and an deterministic version of the model. The discrete-time disease model here investigates both spatial and temporal dynamics of hosts and waterborne pathogens in a patch system. The model with a patch providing infective particles and susceptible and infected individuals by dispersal tries to imitate the effect of current forces in the ocean and estuaries on the passive dispersal of organisms. The sthocastic stmodel detects system behaviors that are not present in single population deterministic models.

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“…Across taxa, the few data available suggest that sometimes pathogens are more readily transmitted among close relatives, but sometimes not, and effects may vary by pathogen (Shykoff and Schmid-Hempel 1991;Dharmarajan et al 2012). Possibly, the role of cannibalism in transmitting diseases has been overstated, as cannibalism is unlikely to be a primary mode of pathogen transmission (Rudolf and Antonovics 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kin discrimination in polyphenic salamander larvae: trade-offs between inclusive fitness and pathogen transmission

Garza

Waldman

2015

Behav Ecol Sociobiol

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Some larval amphibians can develop into two distinct morphological types: a small-headed Bnormal^morph and a rarer broad-headed morph with specialized adaptations to feed on the normal morph. Cannibalism confers nutritional benefits that accelerate development, essential for survival in transient environments, but incurs potential inclusive fitness costs. Selective cannibalism of non-kin thus should be favored. However, subjects may be more vulnerable to contracting disease from non-siblings to which they lack immunological defenses. We investigated kin discrimination and pathogen transmission among Korean salamander (Hynobius leechii) larvae. We placed broad-headed morph larvae into a circular arena together with two normal morph larvae, one their sibling and the other a non-sibling. To test for kin discrimination, we recorded all behavioral interactions among them. To study pathogen transmission, we fed broad-headed larvae either a sibling or non-sibling normal larva that we previously had infected with the bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila. Two days after ingestion, we determined whether the bacterium had systemically infected cannibals by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Broad-headed larvae discriminated between sibling and non-sibling normal larvae, directing aggressive behaviors mostly toward siblings. Infection loads varied more widely among broad-headed larvae that cannibalized non-siblings than those that cannibalized siblings, but the highest infection loads were recorded after ingestion of nonsiblings. Cannibalizing non-siblings thus may increase the risk of contracting disease. Broad-headed larvae discriminate most strongly between siblings and non-siblings late in development, when inclusive fitness costs of cannibalizing relatives diminish and vulnerability to novel pathogens transmitted by non-relatives rises.

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Disease transmission by cannibalism: rare event or common occurrence?

Cited by 80 publications

References 45 publications

Marine infectious disease dynamics and outbreak thresholds: contact transmission, pandemic infection, and the potential role of filter feeders

Marine infectious disease dynamics and outbreak thresholds: contact transmission, pandemic infection, and the potential role of filter feeders

Discrete stochastic marine metapopulation disease model

Kin discrimination in polyphenic salamander larvae: trade-offs between inclusive fitness and pathogen transmission

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