Diseases Produced by<i>Clostridium difficile</i>

Diab, Santiago S.; Uzal, Francisco A.; Songer, J. Glenn

doi:10.1002/9781118728291.ch15

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Pathogenesis. Once they germinate in the intestine, vegetative forms of toxigenic strains of C. difficile produce TcdA and/or TcdB, which act individually or synergistically causing damage to the intestinal mucosa [28,29]. TcdA binds to multiple carbohydrate receptors in the intestinal epithelium whereas the receptors for TcdB have not been identified yet.…”

Section: Diseases Produced By Clostridioides Difficile 221 Classic Cl...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…TcdA binds to multiple carbohydrate receptors in the intestinal epithelium whereas the receptors for TcdB have not been identified yet. Cytoskeletal alterations via Rho glycosylation, apoptosis, and impairment of different intracellular signaling pathways by Ras GTPase inactivation are some of the mechanisms of toxin-mediated damage at cellular level [29]. CDT may also alter the intestinal epithelium, although CDT-producing strains have been only rarely reported in horses [30].…”

Section: Diseases Produced By Clostridioides Difficile 221 Classic Cl...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Diarrhea, colic, and fever are the most common clinical signs [13,20]. The clinical signs may be slightly different depending on the age: adult horses usually present with fever and abdominal pain initially [29], whereas a fulminating form of the disease with sudden onset of bloody diarrhea, depression, toxemia, and death is described in newborn foals [29].…”

Section: Diseases Produced By Clostridioides Difficile 221 Classic Cl...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Clostridial Diseases of Horses: A Review

et al. 2022

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The clostridial diseases of horses can be divided into three major groups: enteric/enterotoxic, histotoxic, and neurotoxic. The main enteric/enterotoxic diseases include those produced by Clostridium perfringens type C and Clostridioides difficile, both of which are characterized by enterocolitis. The main histotoxic diseases are gas gangrene, Tyzzer disease, and infectious necrotic hepatitis. Gas gangrene is produced by one or more of the following microorganisms: C. perfringens type A, Clostridium septicum, Paeniclostridium sordellii, and Clostridium novyi type A, and it is characterized by necrotizing cellulitis and/or myositis. Tyzzer disease is produced by Clostridium piliforme and is mainly characterized by multifocal necrotizing hepatitis. Infectious necrotic hepatitis is produced by Clostridium novyi type B and is characterized by focal necrotizing hepatitis. The main neurotoxic clostridial diseases are tetanus and botulism, which are produced by Clostridium tetani and Clostridium botulinum, respectively. Tetanus is characterized by spastic paralysis and botulism by flaccid paralysis. Neither disease present with specific gross or microscopic lesions. The pathogenesis of clostridial diseases involves the production of toxins. Confirming a diagnosis of some of the clostridial diseases of horses is sometimes difficult, mainly because some agents can be present in tissues of normal animals. This paper reviews the main clostridial diseases of horses.

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Section: Diseases Produced By Clostridioides Difficile 221 Classic Cl...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Diseases Produced By Clostridioides Difficile 221 Classic Cl...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Diseases Produced By Clostridioides Difficile 221 Classic Cl...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Clostridial Diseases of Horses: A Review

et al. 2022

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“…Abundant information on C. difficile enteric infections in humans and animals is available in the literature (Burke and Lamont, 2014; Rineh et al, 2014; Diab at al, 2013, 2016; Leffler and Lamont, 2015; Pant at al, 2013; Kuiper et al, 2017), and a complete review of that information is beyond the scope of this paper. Therefore, only a brief mention of the comparative aspects of these infections between humans and animals will be presented here.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…C. difficile causes enteric disease in humans and numerous animal species, including, but not limited to, gerbils, guinea pigs, hamsters, horses, rabbits and pigs (Diab et al, 2016). In humans, C. difficile associated disease (CDAD) was always assumed to affect individuals of any age, except during the neonatal period (Sammons et al, 2013; Kuiper et al, 2017) as it was thought that this specific group may lack specific C. difficile toxin receptors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative pathogenesis of enteric clostridial infections in humans and animals

Uzal

Navarro

et al. 2018

Anaerobe

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Several enteric clostridial diseases can affect humans and animals. Of these, the enteric infections caused by Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile are amongst the most prevalent and they are reviewed here. C. perfringens type A strains encoding alpha toxin (CPA) are frequently associated with enteric disease of many animal mammalian species, but their role in these diseased mammals remains to be clarified. C. perfringens type B encoding CPA, beta (CPB) and epsilon (ETX) toxins causes necro-hemorrhagic enteritis, mostly in sheep, and these strains have been recently suggested to be involved in multiple sclerosis in humans, although evidence of this involvement is lacking. C. perfringens type C strains encode CPA and CPB and cause necrotizing enteritis in humans and animals, while CPA and ETX producing type D strains of C. perfringens produce enterotoxemia in sheep, goats and cattle, but are not known to cause spontaneous disease in humans. The role of C. perfringens type E in animal or human disease remains poorly defined. The newly revised toxinotype F encodes CPA and enterotoxin (CPE), the latter being responsible for food poisoning in humans, and the less prevalent antibiotic associated and sporadic diarrhea. The role of these strains in animal disease has not been fully described and remains controversial. Another newly created toxinotype, G, encodes CPA and necrotic enteritis toxin B-like (NetB), and is responsible for avian necrotic enteritis, but has not been associated with human disease. C. difficile produces colitis and/or enterocolitis in humans and multiple animal species. The main virulence factors of this microorganism are toxins A, B and an ADP-ribosyltransferase (CDT). Other clostridia causing enteric diseases in humans and/or animals are Clostridium spiroforme, Clostridium piliforme, Clostridium colinum, Clostridium sordellii, Clostridium chauvoei, Clostridium septicum, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium neonatale. The zoonotic transmission of some, but not all these clostridsial species, has been demonstrated.

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Clostridial Diseases

Uzal¹,

Songer²

2019

Diseases of Swine

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Diseases Produced byClostridium difficile

Cited by 9 publications

References 40 publications

Clostridial Diseases of Horses: A Review

Clostridial Diseases of Horses: A Review

Comparative pathogenesis of enteric clostridial infections in humans and animals

Clostridial Diseases

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