Disentangling Child and Family Influences on Maternal Expressed Emotion Toward Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Cartwright, Kim; Bitsakou, Paraskevi; Daley, David; Gramzow, Richard H.; Psychogiou, Lamprini; Simonoff, Emily; Thompson, Margaret; Sonuga‐Barke, Edmund

doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.07.006

Cited by 45 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…In this case the null findings would be expected. However, since evidence has been found for both parent effect [44,45] and child effect models [46,21], it is more likely that both causation models are valid and complementary in capturing the underlying mechanisms. Third, if reverse causation plays a role, the model could become even more complicated if we take into account that mothers could be differentially susceptible to environmental experiences, in this case their children’s behaviour.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential susceptibility to maternal expressed emotion in children with ADHD and their siblings? Investigating plasticity genes, prosocial and antisocial behaviour

Richards

Hartman

Franke

et al. 2014

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

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Background The differential susceptibility theory states that children differ in their susceptibility towards environmental experiences, partially due to plasticity genes. Individuals carrying specific variants in such genes will be more disadvantaged in negative but, conversely, more advantageous in positive environments. Understanding gene-environment interactions may help unravel the causal mechanisms involved in multifactorial psychiatric disorders such as Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Methods The differential susceptibility theory was examined by investigating the presence of interaction effects between maternal expressed emotion (EE; warmth and criticism) and the solitary and combined effects of plasticity genes (DAT1, DRD4, 5-HTT) on prosocial and antisocial behaviour (measured with parent- and self-reports) in children with ADHD and their siblings (N=366, M=17.11 years, 74.9 % male). Results Maternal warmth was positively associated with prosocial behaviour and negatively with antisocial behaviour, while maternal criticism was positively associated with antisocial behaviour and negatively with prosocial behaviour. No evidence of differential susceptibility was found. Conclusions The current study found no evidence for differential susceptibility based on the selected plasticity genes, in spite of strong EE-behaviour associations. It is likely that additional factors play a role in the complex relationship between genes, environment and behaviour.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential susceptibility to maternal expressed emotion in children with ADHD and their siblings? Investigating plasticity genes, prosocial and antisocial behaviour

Richards

Hartman

Franke

et al. 2014

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Individuals who belong to the same group are under influence of shared stimuli, which may have different impacts on their own personal characteristics and multilevel analyses provide estimates of the influence of each explanatory variable for parental symptoms on offspring symptoms regarding ADHD, anxiety and depression. A few studies [23][24][25][26] have used multilevel analysis in ADHD, however, they have not used Bayesian procedures for the multilevel model analysis as in the present study. Other researchers have used Bayesian procedures but not in family-based epidemiological genetic studies [27,28].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cartwright et al [23] investigated the indirect correlations between maternal depressive symptoms and ADHD diagnoses in children using multilevel analyses to investigate the role of an individual variable (ADHD categorical diagnosis) and a family variable (maternal depressive symptoms) on scores of Maternal Expressed Emotions (MEE). Their results showed a significant influence of maternal depressive symptoms on their children's ADHD condition on the MEE.…”

Section: Parental Adhd Symptoms and Offspring Anxiety And Depressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multilevel analysis of ADHD, anxiety and depression symptoms aggregation in families

Segenreich

Paez

Regalla

et al. 2014

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

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A strong genetic role in the etiology of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been demonstrated by several studies using different methodologies. Shortcomings of genetic studies often include the lack of golden standard practices for diagnosis for ADHD, the use of categorical instead of a dimensional approach, and the disregard for assortative mating phenomenon in parents. The current study aimed to overcome these shortcomings and analyze data through a novel statistical approach, using multilevel analyses with Bayesian procedures and a specific mathematical model, which takes into account data with an elevated number of zero responses (expected in samples with few or no ADHD symptoms). Correlations of parental clinical variables (ADHD, anxiety and depression) to offspring psychopathology may vary according to gender and type of symptoms. We aimed to investigate how those variables interact within each other. One hundred families, comprising a proband child or adolescent with ADHD or a typically developing child or adolescent were included and all family members (both biological parents, the proband child or adolescent and their sibling) were examined through semi-structured interviews using DSM-IV criteria. Results indicated that: (a) maternal clinical variables (ADHD, anxiety and depression) were more correlated with offspring variables than paternal ones; (b) maternal inattention (but not hyperactivity) was correlated with both inattention and hyperactivity in the offspring; (c) maternal anxiety was correlated with offspring inattention; on the other hand, maternal inattention was correlated with anxiety in the offspring. Although a family study design limits the possibility of revealing causality and cannot disentangle genetic and environmental factors, our findings suggest that ADHD, anxiety and depression are variables that correlate in families and should be addressed together. Maternal variables significantly correlated with offspring variables, but the paternal variables did not.

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“…In other words, similar parental attitudes may have different influences on different children. Cartwright et al [43] also found that negative maternal emotions expressed towards children with ADHD (e.g., low warmth and hostility/criticism) are more damaging than emotions expressed towards children without ADHD. In this case, in addition to the impact of negative parenting on behavioral problems in children, it is important to also consider the influence of children’s behavioral problems on parents’ attitudes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting aggression in children with ADHD

Ercan

Atilgan

et al. 2014

Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health

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ObjectiveThe present study uses structural equation modeling of latent traits to examine the extent to which family factors, cognitive factors and perceptions of rejection in mother-child relations differentially correlate with aggression at home and at school.MethodsData were collected from 476 school-age (7–15 years old) children with a diagnosis of ADHD who had previously shown different types of aggressive behavior, as well as from their parents and teachers. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the differential relationships between maternal rejection, family, cognitive factors and aggression in home and school settings.ResultsFamily factors influenced aggression reported at home (.68) and at school (.44); maternal rejection seems to be related to aggression at home (.21). Cognitive factors influenced aggression reported at school (.-05) and at home (-.12).ConclusionsBoth genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of aggressive behavior in ADHD. Identifying key risk factors will advance the development of appropriate clinical interventions and prevention strategies and will provide information to guide the targeting of resources to those children at highest risk.

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Disentangling Child and Family Influences on Maternal Expressed Emotion Toward Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Cited by 45 publications

References 53 publications

Differential susceptibility to maternal expressed emotion in children with ADHD and their siblings? Investigating plasticity genes, prosocial and antisocial behaviour

Differential susceptibility to maternal expressed emotion in children with ADHD and their siblings? Investigating plasticity genes, prosocial and antisocial behaviour

Multilevel analysis of ADHD, anxiety and depression symptoms aggregation in families

Predicting aggression in children with ADHD

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