Disinfection and antimicrobial processes

Elnakar, Haitham

doi:10.1002/wer.1409

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) often discharge treated effluents or bypass untreated or partially treated wastewater into rivers that may serve as source water for a variety of reuse purposes [51][52][53][54]. A study conducted by Shigei et al (2020) investigated the presence and concentration of 20 targeted PFAS in water resources within the catchment area of the Zarqa river and also the buildup of PFAS in soils and crops [55].…”

Section: Wastewater Treatment Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sources, Fate, and Detection of Dust-Associated Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): A Review

Ismail

Elnakar

Khan

2023

Toxics

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The occurrence of sand and dust storms (SDSs) is essential for the geochemical cycling of nutrients; however, it is considered a meteorological hazard common to arid regions because of the adverse impacts that SDSs brings with them. One common implication of SDSs is the transport and disposition of aerosols coated with anthropogenic contaminants. Studies have reported the presence of such contaminants in desert dust; however, similar findings related to ubiquitous emerging contaminants, such as per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), have been relatively scarce in the literature. This article reviews and identifies the potential sources of dust-associated PFAS that can accumulate and spread across SDS-prone regions. Furthermore, PFAS exposure routes and their toxicity through bioaccumulation in rodents and mammals are discussed. The major challenge when dealing with emerging contaminants is their quantification and analysis from different environmental media, and these PFAS include known and unknown precursors that need to be quantified. Consequently, a review of various analytical methods capable of detecting different PFAS compounds embedded in various matrices is provided. This review will provide researchers with valuable information relevant to the presence, toxicity, and quantification of dust-associated PFAS to develop appropriate mitigation measures.

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Section: Wastewater Treatment Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sources, Fate, and Detection of Dust-Associated Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): A Review

Ismail

Elnakar

Khan

2023

Toxics

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“…Common approaches include biological treatments, filtration, sedimentation, and chemical coagulation, each with its specific utility and limitations based on the greywater's composition and the desired quality of the treated water 6 – 8 . Electrocoagulation (EC) stands out among these methods due to its versatility and efficiency 9 , 10 . Unlike traditional coagulation that relies on chemical dosing, EC induces coagulation electrochemically, offering precise control over the process without the addition of external chemicals, thus reducing the risk of secondary pollution 11 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of iron electrocoagulation parameters for enhanced turbidity and chemical oxygen demand removal from laundry greywater

Tabash,

Elnakar,

Khan

2024

Sci Rep

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This study explores the optimization of iron electrocoagulation for treating laundry greywater, which accounts for up to 38% of domestic greywater. Characterized by high concentrations of surfactants, detergents, and suspended solids, laundry greywater presents complex challenges for treatment processes, posing significant environmental and health risks. Utilizing response surface methodology (RSM), this research developed a second-order polynomial regression model focused on key operational parameters such as the area-to-volume ratio (A/V), current density, electrolysis time, and settling time. Optimal treatment conditions were identified: an A/V ratio of 30 m2/m3, a current density of 10 mA/cm2, an electrolysis duration of 50 min, and a settlement period of 12 h. Under these conditions, exceptional treatment outcomes were achieved, with turbidity removal reaching 94.26% and COD removal at 99.64%. The model exhibited high effectiveness for turbidity removal, with an R2 value of 94.16%, and moderate effectiveness for COD removal, with an R2 value of 75.90%. The interaction between the A/V ratio and electrolysis time particularly underscored their critical role in electrocoagulation system design. Moreover, these results highlight the potential for optimizing electrocoagulation parameters to adapt to daily fluctuations in greywater production and meet specific household reuse needs, such as toilet flushing. This tailored approach aims to maximize contaminant separation and coagulant efficiency, balance energy use and operational costs, and contribute to sustainable water management.

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“…Many researchers have studied ferrate's ability to degrade organic and inorganic pollutants and colorant substances [14][15][16][17]. Its ability to degrade various pollutants makes ferrate(VI) a very promising method in water and wastewater treatment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidative Degradation of Hazardous Benzene Derivatives by Ferrate(VI): Effect of Initial pH, Molar Ratio and Temperature

Majid

Kim

Laksono

et al. 2021

Toxics

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Two of the most hazardous benzene derivatives (HBD) that have polluted the aquatic environment are bromobenzene and chlorobenzene. Ferrate can degrade various pollutants quickly and efficiently without producing harmful byproducts. This study aims to determine the ability of ferrate to degrade harmful contaminants such as bromobenzene and chlorobenzene. A series of batch experiments were carried out, including for the molar ratio, initial pH solution, and temperature. The study was conducted at an initial pH of 3.6 to 9.6, a molar ratio of 2 to 8 and a temperature of 15 to 55 °C. The study will also examine the differences in functional groups in these pollutants. As a result of the experiments, the optimum conditions to oxidize HBD in a batch reactor was found to have an initial pH of 7.0, a molar ratio of 8, and a temperature of 45 °C, with a 10 min reaction time. Ferrate has a degradation ability against chlorobenzene greater than bromobenzene. The functional cluster in pollutants also significantly affects the degradation ability of ferrate. The results of the degradation experiment showed that ferrate(VI) could effectively oxidize hazardous benzene derivatives in a solution.

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Disinfection and antimicrobial processes

Abstract: This is a review of some of the literature published in 2019 related to disinfection and antimicrobial processes. This review includes the following main sections: drinking water disinfection, wastewater disinfection, and antimicrobial resistance.

Cited by 8 publications

References 19 publications

Sources, Fate, and Detection of Dust-Associated Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): A Review

Sources, Fate, and Detection of Dust-Associated Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): A Review

Optimization of iron electrocoagulation parameters for enhanced turbidity and chemical oxygen demand removal from laundry greywater

Oxidative Degradation of Hazardous Benzene Derivatives by Ferrate(VI): Effect of Initial pH, Molar Ratio and Temperature

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