Disinfection by-Products – A View From North America

Karlin, Richard J.

doi:10.1533/9780857090324.1.9

Cited by 1 publication

(3 citation statements)

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“…The IHSS maintains a collection of standard and reference samples of HAs and FAs with associated chemical and spectroscopic data on these materials (International Humic Substances Society (IHSS), http://www.humicsubstances.org/elements.html, accessed February 2012) to advance the knowledge and research of NOM in soil and water. Towards that goal, in this research, HSs were obtained to investigate the effect of the variables: geographical source (NO, SW, PE, SO), type (FA, HA), origin (aquatic, terrestrial) and pH (6,9) on the relationships among surrogate parameters DOC and UVA as well as the mass (of carbon) and molar (moles of HS) normalised variables SUVA and STHMFP. A factorial experimental design matrix (Table 1) was applied to examine statistically any main or interaction effects of the variables geographical source, type, origin and pH on the behaviour of the surrogate parameters.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 þ1 À1 þ1 SW-HA- 6 2 þ1 À1 À1 SW-HA- 9 2 þ1 À1 þ1 PE-HA- 6 3 þ1 þ1 À1 PE-HA- 9 3 þ1 þ1 þ1 SO-HA- 6 4 þ1 þ1 À1 SO-HA-9 4 þ1 þ1 þ1…”

Section: Doc Analysisunclassified

“…[4,5] THMs are probable carcinogens in laboratory animals [4,[6][7][8] and have been linked to adverse reproductive outcomes and spontaneous abortions in humans. [5,9] Toxicologically important DBPs were recently discussed. [10] The formation of THMs is believed to result from the reaction of chlorine with the aromatic structures in humic substances (HSs).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trihalomethane formation potential of aquatic and terrestrial fulvic and humic acids: examining correlation between specific trihalomethane formation potential and specific ultraviolet absorbance

Abouleish

Wells

2012

Environ. Chem.

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Environmental context. When surface water is disinfected to produce potable drinking water, toxic by-products are generated by reaction with naturally occurring organic matter. The production of trihalomethane disinfection by-products was investigated for different types of well-characterised organic matter from various geographic locations. Increased understanding of the character of organic matter dissolved in water is needed for improving the ability to provide safe water and protect public health.Abstract. Trihalomethanes (THMs) -a class of disinfection by-products (DBPs) including chloroform -are produced when natural water is chlorinated. Many THMs are believed to result from the reaction of chlorine with the aromatic structures in humic substances, which can be represented by ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UVA). However, in the literature, plots of the specific, or carbon-normalised, UVA (SUVA) compared with the specific, or carbon-normalised, trihalomethane formation potential, THMFP (STHMFP) are poorly correlated. Therefore, well characterised samples of organic matter were obtained from the International Humic Substances Society (IHSS) to study the effect of type (fulvic acid, FA; humic acid, HA), origin (aquatic, terrestrial), geographical source (Nordic, Suwannee River, peat, soil) and pH (6, 9) on the formation of trihalomethanes. In this research, parameters expressed on a weight-average moles-of-humic substance basis were compared with those on a mass-of-carbon basis. Using factorial analysis, SUVA was statistically described by the main effect type (P ¼ 0.0044), whereas STHMFP was statistically described by the main effects type (P ¼ 0.0078) and origin (P ¼ 0.0210). Separate relationships between SUVA and STHMFP normalised to moles of humic substance were defined for aquatic substances (R 2 ¼ 0.9948) and for terrestrial substances (R 2 ¼ 0.9512). The occurrence of aquatically derived fulvic-like humic acid (Suwannee River humic acid) and aquatically derived terrestrial-like humic acid (Nordic humic acid) were observed. Some aquatic substances were capable of generating levels of THMs per mole of humic substance that were greater than or equal to the most reactive terrestrial humic acid.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 þ1 À1 þ1 SW-HA- 6 2 þ1 À1 À1 SW-HA- 9 2 þ1 À1 þ1 PE-HA- 6 3 þ1 þ1 À1 PE-HA- 9 3 þ1 þ1 þ1 SO-HA- 6 4 þ1 þ1 À1 SO-HA-9 4 þ1 þ1 þ1…”

Section: Doc Analysisunclassified