Disinfection by-products in ballast water treatment: An evaluation of regulatory data

Werschkun, Barbara; Sommer, Yasmin; Banerji, Sangeeta

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2012.05.034

Cited by 108 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Commonly used disinfectants for water treatment include ultraviolet (UV) irradiation frequently used in large water and wastewater treatment plants which directly impairs the intracellular functions of microbial cells leading to growth inhibition and death [6]. UV irradiation does not produce disinfectant by-products [7], it is cost-intensive and requires large amounts of energy and frequent maintenance, including replacement of the UV lamps [8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It also, requires special operation, and potentially forms bromate as a by-product in waters containing bromide [9,10]. Chlorine is a potent oxidant which causes the destruction of nucleic acids and cell membranes and it is an attractive option for disinfection due to its ease of handling, low capital cost and production of residual chlorine [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chlorine Tolerance and Inactivation of Escherichia coli recovered from Wastewater Treatment Plants in the Eastern Cape, South Africa

2017

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Featured Application: This study examined the tolerance of Escherichia coli isolates, a fecal indicator of water contamination, to chlorine as a common water disinfectant and the effectiveness of chlorine at different concentrations in eliminating E. coli in wastewater effluent. Data obtained can be used as baseline monitoring data for future epidemiological surveillances that could further enhance the control of E. coli and some bacteria species of public health concern in wastewater treatment plants and ensure protection of public and environmental health.Abstract: This study investigated the survival of Escherichia coli (E. coli) recovered from secondary effluents of two wastewater treatment plants in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, in the presence of different chlorine concentrations. The bacterial survival, chlorine lethal dose and inactivation kinetics at lethal doses were examined. The bacterial isolates were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of 16S rRNA gene of bacteria with known taxa in the GenBank revealed the bacterial isolates to belong to Escherichia coli. At the recommended free chlorine of 0.5 mg/L, reduction of E. coli isolates (n = 20) initial bacterial concentration of 8.35-8.75 log was within a range of 3.88-6.0 log at chlorine residuals of 0.14-0.44 mg/L after 30 min. At higher doses, a marked reduction (p < 0.05) in the viability of E. coli isolates was achieved with a greater than 7.3 log inactivation of the bacterial population. Inactivation kinetics revealed a high rate of bacterial kill over time (R 2 > 0.9) at chlorine dose of 1.5 mg/L. This study indicates poor removal of bacteria at free chlorine at 0.5 mg/L and a greater efficacy of 1.5 mg/L in checking E. coli tolerance.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorine Tolerance and Inactivation of Escherichia coli recovered from Wastewater Treatment Plants in the Eastern Cape, South Africa

2017

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“…UV light is known to impair DNA and cellular structures, thus compromising the viability of treated organisms (Holzinger and Lütz 2006). Advantages of UV and its derivatives treatments such as advanced oxidation processes (Wu et al 2011;Rubio et al 2013a, b) include the absence of chemicals and low formation of disinfection by-products (Jorquera et al 2002;Mamlook et al 2008;Werschkun et al 2012;Fisher et al 2014;Zhang et al 2014;Gonsior et al 2015). On the other hand, the inactivating effect of UV is limited by the lack of residual effect and the existence of cellular mechanisms to minimize the damage caused by the treatment, primarily based on DNA photorepair under photosynthetically active radiation (Fafanđel et al 2002;Oliveri et al 2014;Poepping et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of ultraviolet disinfection of microalgae by growth modeling: application to ballast water treatment

et al. 2016

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Ultraviolet disinfection is a frequent option for eliminating viable organisms in ballast water to fulfill international and national regulations. The objective of this work is to evaluate the reduction of microalgae able to reproduce after UV irradiation, based on their growth features. A monoculture of microalgae Tisochrysis lutea was irradiated with different ultraviolet doses (UV-C 254 nm) by a flow-through reactor. A replicate of each treated sample was held in the dark for 5 days simulating a treatment during the ballasting; another replicate was incubated directly under the light, corresponding to the treatment application during de-ballasting. Periodic measurements of cell density were taken in order to obtain the corresponding growth curves. Irradiated samples depicted a regrowth following a logistic curve in concordance with the applied UV dose. By modeling these curves, it is possible to obtain the initial concentration of organisms able to reproduce for each applied UV dose, thus obtaining the dose-survival profiles, needed to determine the disinfection kinetics. These dose-survival profiles enable detection of a synergic effect between the ultraviolet irradiation and a subsequent dark period; in this sense, the UV dose applied during the ballasting operation and subsequent dark storage exerts a strong influence on microalgae survival. The proposed methodology, based on growth modeling, established a framework for comparing the UV disinfection by different devices and technologies on target organisms. This procedure may also assist the understanding of the evolution of treated organisms in more complex assemblages such as those that exist in natural ballast water.

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“…However, there is a lack of information about the causes and mechanisms of DBP formation, and the effects of different DBPs to the marine aquatic environment. These deficiencies have also been pointed out by Werschkun et al (2012). Previous work do not address the effect of concentration and nature of organic precursors on DBP formation potential, and do not compare observed toxicological effects to concentration levels of DBPs in an attempt to explain causes of toxicity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disinfection by-products and ecotoxicity of ballast water after oxidative treatment – Results and experiences from seven years of full-scale testing of ballast water management systems

Delacroix

Vogelsang

Tobiesen

et al. 2013

Marine Pollution Bulletin

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Since 2005, five different ballast water management systems (BWMS) based on chlorination treatment have been tested by Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) according to guidelines from the International Maritime Organization (IMO). 25 % and >50 % of all the tested discharge samples exhibited acute and chronic toxic effects on algae, respectively. In most cases this toxicity was plausibly caused by a high free residual oxidant (FRO) level (>0.08 mg Cl/l). Of the 22 disinfection by-products (DBPs) that were identified in treated water at discharge, four compounds were at times found at concentrations that may pose a risk to the local aquatic environment. However, there seemed to be no clear indication that the measured DBP concentrations contributed to the observed algal toxicity. The addition of methylcellulose instead of lignin in the test water to comply with IMO requirements seemed to limit the formation of DBP.

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Disinfection by-products in ballast water treatment: An evaluation of regulatory data

Cited by 108 publications

References 38 publications

Chlorine Tolerance and Inactivation of Escherichia coli recovered from Wastewater Treatment Plants in the Eastern Cape, South Africa

Chlorine Tolerance and Inactivation of Escherichia coli recovered from Wastewater Treatment Plants in the Eastern Cape, South Africa

Evaluation of ultraviolet disinfection of microalgae by growth modeling: application to ballast water treatment

Disinfection by-products and ecotoxicity of ballast water after oxidative treatment – Results and experiences from seven years of full-scale testing of ballast water management systems

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