Disinfection by-products in swimming pools and health-related issues

Akinnola, Olayemi O.; Ajayi, Ayodeji Samuel; Ogunleye, Bimpe Omowunmi; Enueme, Isioma Nneamaka

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-102977-0.00011-1

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Since RAS staff normally do not experience prolonged periods of physical exposure to the RAS water, the main mechanism of exposure to DBPs is likely to proceed via an inhalation. Several studies that focused on the effect of DBPs on swimmers and operators of indoor swimming pools showed that chronic exposure to different DBP may lead to temporary or chronic health effects, such as eye and skin irritation, asthma, bladder cancer, and other diseases 88–90 . A RAS is an environment that is not dissimilar to an indoor swimming pool, but it has a much higher dissolved organic matter concentration, therefore the risk of cancer can be expected to be higher for RAS operators if the facility has a disinfection unit, especially when chlorination is applied.…”

Section: Potential Beneficial Outcomes Of Electrooxidation Processes ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical applications in RAS: A review

Ben-Asher¹,

Gendel²,

Lahav³

2023

Reviews in Aquaculture

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Electrochemical water treatment for recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) is a promising approach for replacing the biological water treatment methods and establishing a new RAS generation with improved cost‐effectiveness, lower environmental footprint, and no start‐up periods. On top of ammonia oxidation directly into N2(g), electrochemical oxidation results in effective disinfection, and in the removal of organic matter, including specific organic constituents such as off‐flavour agents. The paper provides an overview of incentives for the implementation of electrochemical methods in RAS. It covers the electrochemical principles relevant to aquaculture applications, the effects of physical and chemical parameters, as well as design considerations. In addition, the research performed to date for integrating electrochemical methods in RAS operation is reviewed and the variety of designs and operational configurations described. The electrochemical water treatment is perceived beneficial over biological water treatment especially in cold saline‐seawater aquaculture (e.g., Atlantic salmon), where large nitrification reactors are required and the large water consumption for purging processes can be curtailed. It is also beneficial for the culturing of nitrate‐sensitive species (e.g., L. vannamei). The paper points out the gaps to be overcome for allowing commercial breakthroughs based on electrochemical water treatment, including the need for expanding the practice and improving engineering practices by operating pilot systems for growing fish at both small and large scales; adjusting of electrochemical cell designs for reducing both capital and operational costs; developing full‐proof malfunction‐free dechlorination strategies, and evaluating and optimizing the disinfection abilities for inactivating typical pathogens in aquaculture.

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Section: Potential Beneficial Outcomes Of Electrooxidation Processes ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical applications in RAS: A review

Ben-Asher¹,

Gendel²,

Lahav³

2023

Reviews in Aquaculture

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“…15 Operational factors such as reaction time, pH, and temperature affect the speciation and formation levels of DBPs. 16 Finally, body fluids (BFs) released from human bodies such as urine, sweat, saliva, and personal care products used by swimmers, e.g., sunscreens, hair products, lotions/soaps, and cosmetics, give rise to the formation of DBPs in pool waters. 17,18 People are mainly exposed to DBPs in drinking water via the ingestion route, whereas inhalation and dermal absorption routes may also be important in swimming pools.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Seawater is a specific source water, associated with increased DBP formation due to its considerable inorganic salt content . Operational factors such as reaction time, pH, and temperature affect the speciation and formation levels of DBPs . Finally, body fluids (BFs) released from human bodies such as urine, sweat, saliva, and personal care products used by swimmers, e.g., sunscreens, hair products, lotions/soaps, and cosmetics, give rise to the formation of DBPs in pool waters. , …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Halogenated By-Products in Chlorinated Indoor Swimming Pools: A Long-Term Monitoring and Empirical Modeling Study

et al. 2023

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Monitoring the disinfection process and swimming pool water quality is essential for the prevention of microbial infections and associated diseases. However, carcinogenic and chronic-toxic disinfection by-products (DBPs) are formed with reactions between disinfectants and organic/inorganic matters. DBP precursors in swimming pools originate from anthropogenic sources (body secretions, personal care products, pharmaceuticals, etc.) or chemicals used in pools. Temporal (48 weeks) water quality trends of trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), and halonitromethanes (HNMs) in two swimming pools (SP-A and SP-B) and precursor–DBP relationships were investigated in this study. Weekly samples were taken from swimming pools, and several physical/chemical water quality parameters, absorbable organic halides (AOX), and DBPs were determined. THMs and HAAs were the most detected DBP groups in pool water. While chloroform was determined to be the dominant THM compound, dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid were the dominant HAA compounds. The average AOX concentrations were measured to be 304 and 746 μg/L as Cl– in SP-A and SP-B, respectively. Although the amount of AOX from unknown chlorinated by-products in SP-A did not vary temporally, a significant increase in unknown DBP concentrations in SP-B was observed over time. AOX concentrations of chlorinated pool waters were determined to be an important parameter that can be used to estimate DBP concentrations.

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“…Potential health risks arising from SPW contamination have widely been investigated in the literature [14,15]. However, most studies have focussed on monitoring the levels of common contaminants such as body fluids [16,17], disinfectants and disinfection byproducts [18][19][20][21][22], whereas information regarding the SPW contamination by personal care products is rather scarce.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping the Complex Journey of Swimming Pool Contaminants: A Multi-Method Systems Approach

Heilgeist

Sahin

Sekine

et al. 2022

Water

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Swimming pool owners worldwide face the challenging task of keeping their pool water balanced and free from contaminants. However, swimming pool water (SPW) quality management is complex with the countless processes and interactions of interlinked system variables. For example, contamination with sunscreen residues is inevitable as users apply sunscreen to protect their skin from damaging ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Nanoparticulate titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) is one such residues that have received criticism due to potential human health and environmental risks. Despite ongoing research studies, management strategies of nano-TiO2 in swimming pools are still limited. Therefore, this paper focuses on developing a multi-method approach for identifying and understanding interdependencies between TiO2 particles and an aquatic environment such as a swimming pool. Given the complexity of the system to be assessed, the authors utilise a systems approach by integrating cross-matrix multiplication (MICMAC) and Systems Thinking techniques. The developed conceptual model visually depicts the complex system, which provides users with a basic understanding of swimming pool chemistry, displaying the numerous cause-and-effect relationships and enabling users to identify leverage points that can effectively change the dynamics of the system. Such systems-level understanding, and actions will help to manage nano-TiO2 levels in an efficient manner. The novelty of this paper is the proposed methodology, which uses a systems approach to conceptualise the complex interactions of contaminants in swimming pools and important pathways to elevated contaminant levels.

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Disinfection by-products in swimming pools and health-related issues

Cited by 5 publications

References 78 publications

Electrochemical applications in RAS: A review

Electrochemical applications in RAS: A review

Halogenated By-Products in Chlorinated Indoor Swimming Pools: A Long-Term Monitoring and Empirical Modeling Study

Mapping the Complex Journey of Swimming Pool Contaminants: A Multi-Method Systems Approach

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