Disinfection Methods for Treating Low TOC, Light Graywater to California Title 22 Water Reuse Standards

Effects of water matrix on virus inactivation using common virucidal techniques for condensate urine disinfection

“…D'Souza and Su (2010) reported that greater than 6 log reduction of MS2 in phosphate-buffered saline with 5% trisodium phosphate were obtained with contact time of only 1 min, which was similar to the case of 10% household bleach (0.6% sodium hypochlorite, 5000 mg L À1 available chlorine). Similarly, Beck et al (2013) claimed greater than 5 log reduction of MS2 in the filtered gray water were achieved after 90 min of contact (free chlorine residual: 1 mg L À1 ). However, MS2 inactivation curve in condensate water tended to be flat ($3 log inactivation) after 70 min of contact (Fig.…”

“…To date, many studies have reported viral inactivation by various virucidal techniques such as chlorine (Beck et al, 2013), UV (Hijnen et al, 2006) and UV/TiO 2 (Misstear and Gill, 2012). However, to our best knowledge, there was limited information available on the application of these virucidal techniques to the condensate water from source-separated urine.…”

The question of pathogen quantification in disinfected graywater

“…We hypothesized that both disinfection methods would consistently lower the culturable microorganism concentrations, on average, to below published infective dosage levels (Beck et al, 2013;Gilboa and Friedler, 2008). Moreover, we expected high inactivation efficiency due to the high quality effluent after the biological treatment that by itself inactivates significant amounts of microorganisms (Gross et al, 2008).…”

“…The ideal techniques for inactivating microorganisms depend upon the quality of the GW sources to be reused as well as their intended purpose after treatment (Beck et al, 2013). There are biological treatment systems, such as the recirculating vertical flow constructed wetlands (RVFCW) used in this study that can reliably provide high quality effluent with 5 days biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5 ) and total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations of less than 10 mg L − 1 (e.g.…”

Greywater Treatment Using Horizontal, Vertical and Hybrid Flow Constructed Wetlands

“…Due to substantial difference in their qualities and quantities, separating greywater and black water would ease the treatment process, thereby allowing a large volume of water to be efficiently recycled 6 . A wide range of treatment technologies such as membrane bioreactor (MBR), sequential batch reactor (SBR) and various other physico-chemical and biological treatment methods have been employed to treat greywater 7 . Most of these systems are expensive and need frequent maintenance, besides requiring skilled personnel for operation 8 .…”