Disinfection of bacteria in water systems by using electrolytically generated copper:silver and reduced levels of free chlorine

Yahya, Moyasar T.; Landeen, Lee K.; Messina, Maria; Kutz, S. M.; Schulze, R. G.; Gerba, Charles P.

doi:10.1139/m90-020

Cited by 46 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Silver is still promoted as a swimming pool disinfectant. A recent suggestion is to combine electrolytically generated copper(I) and silver(I) with a chlorine treatment, thereby reducing the concentration of irritating chlorine which needs to be used (18 (21). Such effects, however, are usually undesirable for an antibacterial agent and a vadety of colloidal preparations, including silver proteinate, were developed, mainly for topical use (6,21).…”

Section: Water Sterilizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibacterial Silver

1994

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The antibacterial activity of silver has long been known and has found a variety of applications because its toxicity to human cells is considerably lower than to bacteria. The most widely documented uses are prophylactic treatment of burns and water disinfection. However, the mechanisms by which silver kills cells are not known. Information on resistance mechanisms is apparently contradictory and even the chemistry of Ag + in such systems is poorly understood. Silver binds to many cellular components, with membrane components probably being more important than nucleic acids. It is difficult to know whether strong binding reflects toxicity or detoxification: some sensitive bacterial strains have been reported as accumulating more silver than the corresponding resistant strain, in others the reverse apparently occurs. In several cases resistance has been shown to be plasmid mediated. The plasmids are reported as difficult to transfer, and can also be difficult to maintain, as we too have found. Attempts to find biochemical differences between resistant and sensitive strains have met with limited success: differences are subtle, such as increased cell surface hydrophobicity in a resistant Escherichia coli. Some of the problems are due to defining conditions in which resistance can be observed. Silver(I) has been shown to bind to components of cell culture media, and the presence of chloride is necessary to demonstrate resistance. The form of silver used must also be considered. This is usually water soluble AgNO 3 , which readily precipitates as AgCl. The clinically preferred compound is the highly insoluble silver sulfadiazine, which does not cause hypochloraemia in burns. It has been suggested that resistant bacteria are those unable to bind Ag + more tightly than does chloride. It may be that certain forms of insoluble silver are taken up by cells, as has been found for nickel. Under our experimental conditions, silver complexed by certain ligands is more cytotoxic than AgNO 3 , yet with related ligands is considerably less toxic. There is evidently a subtle interplay of solubility and stability which should reward further investigation.

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Section: Water Sterilizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibacterial Silver

1994

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“…Thus, exposure to silver ions damages multiple components of bacterial cell metabolism, including the permeability of the cell membrane, which leads to gross cellular structural changes, blockage of transport processes, and interference in the activity of vital enzymatic systems such as the respiratory cytochromes, alteration of proteins, and binding to DNA and RNA, which in turn affects their functionality. [6,17] Whereas combinations of cationic silver with other biocides such as silver sulfadiazine with or without chlorhexidine digluconate, [23] copper, [24] and hydrogen peroxide [25] are well known and used, [9,11] the use of metallic silver in biocidal combinations has been limited to the coating or impregnating of biocidal polymers with silver [26] or to the mixing of antibiotics with silver. [27] All of these combinations displayed synergistic activity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Concept in Bactericidal Materials: The Entrapment of Chlorhexidine within Silver

Ben-Knaz

Pedahzur

Avnir

2010

Adv Funct Materials

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A new concept in bactericidal agents is described: the entrapment of an organic biocidal agent within a bactericidal metal, which leads to synergism between the two components. Specifically this concept is demonstrated for the entrapment of chlorhexidine digluconate (CHD) within an aggregated silver matrix, a metal known for its own biocidal qualities, forming the CHD@silver composite. The bactericidal efficacy against E. coli is evaluated and compared with the separate components. While the bactericidal efficacy of the individual ingredients (CHD and metallic silver) is very low, CHD@silver exhibits a markedly enhanced efficacy. This enhanced bactericidal effect is partially attributed to the simultaneous release and presence of the active biocidal ingredients CHD and Ag+ in the solution. Detailed composite characterization is provided.

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“…Silver and its various derivatives have been used extensively. (34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42).…”

Section: Figure 3 Schematic Representation Of Switching Behavior Of mentioning

confidence: 99%

Smart Coatings

Baghdachi

2009

ACS Symposium Series

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Materials that are capable of adapting their properties dynamically to an external stimulus are called responsive, or smart. The term "smart coating" refers to the concept of coatings being able to sense their environment and make an appropriate response to that stimulus. The standard thinking regarding coatings has been as a passive layer unresponsive to the environment. The current trend in coatings technology is to control the coating composition on a molecular level and the morphology at the nanometer scale. The idea of controlling the assembly of sequential macromolecular layers and the development that materials can form defined structures with unique properties is being explored for both pure scientific research and industrial applications. Several smart coating systems have been developed, examined, and are currently under investigation by numerous laboratories and industries throughout the world. Examples of smart coatings include stimuli responsive, antimicrobial, antifouling, conductive, self-healing, and super hydrophobic systems.

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Disinfection of bacteria in water systems by using electrolytically generated copper:silver and reduced levels of free chlorine

Cited by 46 publications

References 24 publications

Antibacterial Silver

Antibacterial Silver

A Concept in Bactericidal Materials: The Entrapment of Chlorhexidine within Silver

Smart Coatings

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