Disinfection of Burkholderia pseudomallei in potable water

Howard, Kay; Inglis, Timothy J. J.

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2004.12.028

Cited by 47 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Contaminated water supplies were a feature of two Australian melioidosis outbreaks, 1,2 but as yet, there is only limited in vitro data on B. pseudomallei survival in liquids. [3][4][5][6] B. pseudomallei has been shown to maintain culturable bacterial numbers over prolonged periods in the absence of a carbon source and can survive in distilled water for several years, after which culturable bacteria have been recovered. 7 Other B. pseudomallei environmental survival studies have concentrated on survival on environmental surfaces 8 and in the presence of a limited range of changing environmental conditions, although experimental design limits how far these findings can be extrapolated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our previous studies on B. pseudomallei survival in chlorine-treated water focused on potable water treatment because of concerns about the adequacy of water treatment during an investigation into an outbreak of melioidosis in Western Australia (WA). 3,4,11 None of the studies cited above dealt with bacterial survival in the range of waters potentially relevant to known waterrelated outbreaks 1,12,13 nor the other environmental variables (temperature range, pH, and NaCl concentration) highlighted as potential environmental contributors during the investigation of one specific outbreak. 2,11,14 The aim of this study was to investigate the viability and persistence of B. pseudomallei in a liquid environment with particular reference to fresh potable water, seawater, rainwater, temperature, and pH variation to understand the role these factors might play in raising or lowering the threat of environmental exposure to B. pseudomallei and therefore, to subsequent development of disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Survival of Burkholderia pseudomallei in Liquid Media

Robertson¹,

Levy²,

Sagripanti³

et al. 2010

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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We studied the effect of environmental parameters on the survival of Burkholderia pseudomallei. There was a small increase in bacterial count for up to 28 days in sterilized distilled water or rain water, in water at 20°C or 40°C, and in buffered solutions of pH 4 or higher. Counts of culturable B. pseudomallei declined at pH 3, in the presence of seawater or water with concentrations of 4% salt or higher, and under refrigeration. The morphological appearances of B. pseudomallei changed under conditions that maintained culturable numbers from bacilli to coccoid cells and spiral forms under pH or salt stress. These observations indicate that B. pseudomallei can endure nutrient-depleted environments as well as a wide range of pH, salt concentrations, and temperatures for periods of up to 28 days. The relative stability of B. pseudomallei under these conditions underlines the tenacity of this species and its potential for natural dispersal in water: in surface water collections, in managed water distribution systems, and through rainfall. These survival properties help explain the recent expansion of the known melioidosis endemic zone in Australia and may have played a part in recent melioidosis outbreaks.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Survival of Burkholderia pseudomallei in Liquid Media

Robertson¹,

Levy²,

Sagripanti³

et al. 2010

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…Although survival within Acanthamoeba hosts is known to generally increase bacterial resistance to disinfection (14,16), the relationship between Acanthamoeba and intracellular bacterial inactivation rates and dynamics is not well characterized. Therefore, inactivation kinetics during treatment with the drinking water disinfectant monochloramine were compared for M. avium in pure culture, , and each strain was tested in triplicate.…”

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confidence: 99%

Mycobacterium avium Infections of Acanthamoeba Strains: Host Strain Variability, Grazing-Acquired Infections, and Altered Dynamics of Inactivation with Monochloramine

Berry

Horn

et al. 2010

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Stable Mycobacterium avium infections of several Acanthamoeba strains were characterized by increased infection resistance of recent environmental isolates and reduced infectivity in the presence of other bacteria. Exposure of M. avium in coculture with Acanthamoeba castellanii to monochloramine yielded inactivation kinetics markedly similar to those observed for A. castellanii alone.Acanthamoebae are widely distributed in the environment (20) and generally function ecologically as predators of bacteria (23), although numerous types of bacteria resist predation (22). Acanthamoebae are very resistant to a range of disinfectants (5,6,8,28), and bacteria within acanthamoebae are generally afforded extra protection (16). A notable example is the opportunistic pathogen Mycobacterium avium (10), which can survive within Acanthamoeba species trophozoites and cysts (4, 26), resulting in increased resistance to several antimicrobials (22). It has been demonstrated that many Mycobacterium spp. are able to infect the laboratory strain Acanthamoeba polyphaga (1). Acanthamoeba cultures undergo many physiological changes after several passages in the laboratory (15,17,21), although it is not known if prolonged cultivation of Acanthamoeba alters their capacity to be infected by M. avium. This knowledge is important for assessing the environmental relevance of associations between Acanthamoeba and M. avium. Therefore, we studied the infectivity and infection stability of M. avium with several laboratory and environmental Acanthamoeba strains for 28 days under high-nutrient (peptone-yeast extract-glucose [PYG] medium) and low-nutrient (Page's amoeba saline [PAS]) conditions. M. avium infections in different Acanthamoeba strains. Eight Acanthamoeba strains were studied, four of which were recently isolated from the environment (biofilm from a drinking water distribution system, forest soil, and two from marsh sediment) and four "laboratory strains" which had been passaged many times on nutrient-rich medium (see Table S1 in the supplemental material). Fresh isolates (Ͻ2 months) were passaged no more than three times and were determined to be free of endosymbionts and acid-fast stained structures, by the use of methods described previously (13). The strains were classified to genotype according to the 95% sequence similarity threshold for 18S rRNA genes (27) using standard methods (11, 13). All strains were members of sequence type T4 (24), with the exception of Acanthamoeba sp. strain F2B (type T13) and Acanthamoeba hatchetii (type 11) (GenBank accession no. FJ807647 to FJ807651) (see Fig. S1 in the supplemental material). Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis 104 (2) was cultured on Middlebrook 7H9/OADC (oleic acid-albumin-dextrose-catalase) broth (Sigma-Aldrich). M. avium was added to Acanthamoeba monolayers at a multiplicity of infection of 10:1 and treated with amikacin as described previously (4). Cocultures were incubated at 20°C in the dark and were washed and treated weekly with amikacin to minimize the potential for extr...

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“…At a community level, sporadic infection is difficult to prevent completely, but repetition of true outbreaks may be avoided by careful chlorination or chloramination of the drinking water supply [29]. The occurrence of animal die-off in domestic livestock needs to be thoroughly investigated by veterinary pathologists as a possible sentinel event for subsequent human infection.…”

Section: Community Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

The public health implications of melioidosis

Inglis¹,

Sousa²

2009

Braz J Infect Dis

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Melioidosis, which is caused by the bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a potentially fatal tropical infection, little known outside its main endemic zone of Southeast Asia and northern Australia. Though it has received more attention in recent years on account of its claimed suitability as a biological weapon agent, the principal threat from melioidosis is a result of naturally occurring events. Occasional case clusters, sporadic cases outside the known endemic zone and infections in unusual demographic groups highlight a changing epidemiology. As melioidosis is the result of an environmental encounter and not person-to-person transmission, subtle changes in its epidemiology indicate a role environmental factors, such as man-made disturbances of soil and surface water. These have implications for travel, occupational and tropical medicine and in particular for risk assessment and prevention. Practical problems with definitive laboratory diagnosis, antibiotic treatment and the current lack of a vaccine underline the need for prevention through exposure avoidance and other environmental health measures. It is likely that the increasing population burden of the tropical zone and extraction of resources from the humid tropics will increase the prevalence of melioidosis. Climate change-driven extreme weather events will both increase the prevalence of infection and gradually extend its main endemic zone.

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Disinfection of Burkholderia pseudomallei in potable water

Cited by 47 publications

References 17 publications

The Survival of Burkholderia pseudomallei in Liquid Media

The Survival of Burkholderia pseudomallei in Liquid Media

Mycobacterium avium Infections of Acanthamoeba Strains: Host Strain Variability, Grazing-Acquired Infections, and Altered Dynamics of Inactivation with Monochloramine

The public health implications of melioidosis

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