This study employs finite element analysis and simulated environmental immersion experiments to methodically investigate the growth behavior of pitting corrosion in stainless steel. It particularly examines how the diameter-to-depth ratio of the pit influences its growth dynamics. The findings underscore substantial variations in growth patterns and corrosion rates corresponding to different diameter-to-depth ratios. Key parameters, including electrolyte current density, potential, Fe2+ and Cl− ion concentrations, and pH values, play a crucial role in the corrosion mechanism. Remarkably, a pronounced increase in the corrosion rate at the pit bottom was observed with the increase in the diameter-to-depth ratio to 1:5. The results of this work provide insight into stainless steel pitting mechanisms, enabling the development of more effective prevention strategies.