Disorders of Extreme Stress

Cardeña, Etzel; Butler, Lisa D.; Reijman, Sophie; Spiegel, David

doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop208008

Handbook of Psychology, Second Edition 2012

DOI: 10.1002/9781118133880.hop208008

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Disorders of Extreme Stress

Etzel Cardeña

Lisa D. Butler

Sophie Reijman

et al.

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Cited by 3 publications

References 195 publications

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Transformative narratives: The impact of working with war and torture survivors.

Kjellenberg¹,

Nilsson²,

Daukantaité³

et al. 2014

Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy

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There is growing interest in how helpers working with severely traumatized individuals are affected by their work. A sample of 69 persons working with war and torture survivors across specialized centers throughout Sweden filled out questionnaires evaluating negative (i.e., compassion fatigue—composed of secondary traumatic stress [STS] and burnout—depersonalization, and impairment of functioning) and positive (posttraumatic growth [PTG], compassion satisfaction) reactions related to working with trauma survivors. We also measured attitudes toward human evil and death, demographics, history of trauma, and exposure to trauma narratives in hours per week and years of practice. Compassion satisfaction correlated negatively with most negative posttraumatic reactions. PTG was associated with STS, depersonalization, and impairment in functioning. Negative reactions to trauma work correlated with each other. Regression analyses showed that compassion satisfaction was negatively correlated with fear of death and age, whereas compassion fatigue correlated positively with fear of and resignation towards human evil (EVIL); the latter also predicted burnout and STS. STS also correlated with years in the field. Depersonalization correlated positively with EVIL and negatively with fear of death, whereas impairment of functioning correlated positively with years in the field and EVIL and negatively with fear of death. The more years in the field, the more people reported PTG. A majority of respondents stated that their attitude toward evil had changed because of their work. It is important to consider existential issues, especially human evil, when evaluating the effect of working with trauma.

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Transformative narratives: The impact of working with war and torture survivors.

Kjellenberg¹,

Nilsson²,

Daukantaité³

et al. 2014

Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy

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Combat stress disorders and their treatment in ancient Greece.

Ustinova

Cardeña

2014

Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy

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Every disorder is embedded within multiple sociocultural aspects, and in mental disorders they acquire paramount significance. Nonetheless and despite the cultural diversity of ancient and modern societies, the consistency of psychiatric reactions to combat stress throughout history is remarkable. The situation in ancient Greece was quite different from the contemporary one. Hippocratic physicians turned a blind eye to a series of worrying conditions they could neither explicate nor treat, but enlightened laypeople noticed mental disorders disregarded by physicians and even looked for ways to assuage them. In ancient Greece, fear, panic, and ensuing short-term psychological consequences were well-known to military men who tried to prevent them by some methods that are considered to be efficient even today. Nonetheless, long-term mental disorders following exposure to battle were almost entirely ignored. The 5th century BC sophist Gorgias seems to be the only author who discussed their nature. Combat-related mental disorders existed more than 2000 years ago, as they do today, and the idea that they could be prevented by means of social conditioning proved to be false. The fact that some modern therapeutic approaches appear to have been used in Greece is reassuring: it suggests that modern Western attitudes to psychological treatment of trauma are not entirely culturally dependent, but rely on universal human processes and may therefore be applied to the treatment of trauma with patients from different cultural traditions. Awareness of the persistence of combat psychological trauma in history may provide insights to different professionals: historians may identify and comprehend allusions to combat trauma in their sources, while mental health professionals may use ancient history to broaden their understanding of the effects of trauma and related treatment.

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«Jeg kan ikke slåss på to fronter»: Engasjement og utholdenhet i rehabiliteringsarbeid med torturutsatte

Lønning¹,

Houge²

2021

TFV

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Torturskader fører til sammensatte behandlings-og rehabiliteringsbehov som rammebetingelsene på helse-og velferdsområdet ikke er tilstrekkelig tilrettelagt for, og som vanskelig kan ivaretas av en hjelper alene. Hvordan er det for profesjonsutøvere å arbeide med og for torturutsatte? I denne artikkelen utforsker vi fagpersoners erfaringer med og refleksjoner om å tilby behandling og rehabilitering til torturutsatte. Datamaterialet er basert på semistrukturerte intervjuer og fokusgrupper med til sammen 46 deltakere gjennomført i 2019. Studien peker på tre nivåer der profesjonelle hjelpere kan ivaretas: individ (engasjement og kompetanse), institusjon (fagmiljø og tilrettelegging) og samfunn (sosiopolitisk kontekst og overordnet struktur). Ved å sikre gode arbeidsforhold og rammer som ivaretar profesjonelle hjelpere, vil vi som samfunn og som tjenesteytere på helse-og velferdsområdet bedre ivareta personer som har overlevd tortur.Nøkkelord helse-og sosialfagarbeidere, helse-og velferdstjenester, ivaretakelse, torturskader, tverrfaglig

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Disorders of Extreme Stress

Cited by 3 publications

References 195 publications

Transformative narratives: The impact of working with war and torture survivors.

Transformative narratives: The impact of working with war and torture survivors.

Combat stress disorders and their treatment in ancient Greece.

«Jeg kan ikke slåss på to fronter»: Engasjement og utholdenhet i rehabiliteringsarbeid med torturutsatte

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