Disorders of Micturition

Defining healthy aging in older dogs and differentiating healthy aging from disease

“…Although there are several possible underlying causes, hormone-responsive incontinence is one of the most frequently diagnosed disorders of micturition. 73 Deficiencies of estrogen in females and testosterone in males lead to reduced muscle tone of the urethral sphincter, which allows involuntary voiding of urine, usually when the dog is resting or asleep. This problem may not become evident until a dog becomes polyuric and is producing larger volumes of urine.…”