Disparities in the Wage-and-Salary Earnings, Determinants, and Distribution of Health Economics, Outcomes Research, and Market Access Professionals: An Exploratory Study

Popovici, Ioana; Carvajal, Manuel J.; Peeples, Patti; Rabionet, Silvia E

doi:10.1007/s41669-020-00247-2

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The gaps were greater for women (50.3% in wages and salaries) than for men (40.0% in wages and salaries). In contrast with earlier studies that found gender differences in earnings, 10 , 11 , 17 no significant disparities between men's and women's earnings were observed here. One exception was the study by Cawley and Morrisey; 2 although the authors examined only the earnings of U.S. academicians, they also did not find any statistically significant gender differences.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…Judging by the significant coefficients, F ratios, and adjusted R 2 values, the model explained earnings determination of U.S. men and non-U.S. women better than for the other two classifications, which was not consistent with previous findings. 11 Although both articles identified different sets of covariates, there was incongruity here compared to the earlier study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…The size of the three significant coefficients of the pharmaceutical/biotechnology-firm covariate suggested that workers’ earnings in these firms were much higher than in firms in other areas of operations, which accorded with previous findings. 11 , 17 The statistical significance of the number-of-persons-being-supervised coefficients for U.S. men and non-U.S. women, plus the negative sign of the coefficient for U.S. women's wages and salaries, abate the efforts to establish a meaningful pattern for this covariate. In comparison, Cawley and Morrisey 2 found that those with administrative appointments in U.S. academia earned more than the rest.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The dependent variable was logged to reduce the impact of outliers and allow interpretation of relative differences. 11 , 18 At any level of semilog earnings, an addition of 0.693147 units to the value of the dependent variable doubled the amount of earnings; conversely, a subtraction of 0.693147 units from the value of the dependent variable cut earnings by one-half.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two studies geared toward U.S. academicians estimated log earnings as a function of education, experience, type of employer, and research productivity; 2 , 10 unfortunately, the definition of health economists was narrow and professionals outside the U.S. were not considered. Another study estimated log earnings as a function of age, education, type of work performed, primary job level, and employer's main area of operations; 11 while it expanded the sample to include outcomes research and market access professionals both in and outside the U.S., and estimated separate functions for men and women to account for gender disparities, it restricted earnings to wages and salaries, which portrayed only a partial view of total earnings. Another study also identified variables associated with higher salaries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nature and Composition of Earnings Reported by Health Economists and Related Professionals: Gender, Education, and job Characteristics Matter

Popovici

Carvajal

Peeples³

et al. 2022

Health Services Research and Managerial Epidemiology

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Background Despite the fast growth of the workforce comprising health economics (HE), outcomes research (OR), and market access (MA) professionals, little is known about their earnings determination. Only three studies have examined their earnings and none has considered the number of hours worked, traditionally a critical component of income determination models. Objectives (i) Estimate an indicator of annual earnings of HE/OR/MA professionals, comparing male versus female and U.S. versus non-U.S. earnings levels, and (ii) assess the magnitude of the effect of selected human-capital and job-related covariates on their annual earnings determination. Methods The study used 2019 self-reported survey data from a sample of 304 HE/OR/MA professionals registered in the HealthEconomics.com global subscriber list. A two-way classification model with multiple replications was used to identify and test earnings variations of HE/OR/MA professionals across genders and locations. An earnings determination function using ordinary least squares was used to identify disparities in response to covariates including average workweek, human-capital stock, and job-related variables by gender and location. Results Substantial earning disparities were observed between HE/OR/MA professionals living in the U.S. and those living in other countries. Non-U.S. respondents exhibited earnings gaps of 44.7% in wages/salaries and 46.8% in total earnings relative to their U.S. counterparts with greater gaps for women than men. The female earnings gap outside the U.S. was considerably greater than in the U.S. Holding a graduate degree; working in a pharmaceutical or biotechnology firm; age, a proxy for experience; and working remotely impacted earnings differentials across different subgroups. Conclusions The findings of this paper shed light into the nature and composition of earnings of HE/OR/MA professionals across genders and locations. Exploring the dynamics of earning disparities by gender and location has increased in relevance given the rapidly-changing and uncertain job market environment driven by the COVID-19 pandemic.

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