Dispersal of
            <i>Symbiodinium</i>
            by the stoplight parrotfish
            <i>Sparisoma viride</i>

Castro‐Sanguino, Carolina; Sánchez, Juan A.

doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0836

Cited by 37 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…; Maruyama & Heslinga ) and parrot fish (Porto et al . ; Castro‐Sanguino & Sánchez , note; the parrot fish gnaw corals). Thus, the origins of the eDNA clones recovered from the water column and the sediment in the present study were probably due to release from animal hosts and their subsequent accumulation in the environment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic identity of free‐living Symbiodinium obtained over a broad latitudinal range in the Japanese coast

Yamashita

Koike

2012

Phycological Research

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Summary The dinoflagellate Symbiodinium is well known to engage symbiosis with various marine animals, including corals. Recent records of environmental Symbiodinium (occurring in the environment and separately from host animals; usually referred to as ‘free‐living’ Symbiodinium) are of special interest, since these environmental populations are essential as symbiont sources for many host animals. In the present study, we carried out a phylogenetic analysis of environmental Symbiodinium isolates (culture strains) from sand, tide pools, or macroalgal surfaces, and environmental DNA clones extracted from the water‐column, at numerous sites around Japan. Our phylogenetic analysis based on the nuclear rRNA gene (internal transcribed spacers ‐1, ‐2, and 5.8S), indicated that most of the environmental isolates form monophyletic subclades within the Clade‐A lineage, and separate from a host‐associated Clade‐A population with high bootstrap values. Results of the partial nuclear 28S rDNA phylogeny and thecal‐plate observations revealed that these environmental isolates were closely related to a previously‐described ‘planktonic species’, Symbiodinium natans Gert Hansen et Daugbjerg, which was isolated from a plankton‐net sample from the Northeast‐Atlantic Ocean. On the other hand, the environmental DNA clones were also noted to be mostly nested within host‐associated Symbiodinium groups scattered in various clades. These results led to the assumption that the environmental Symbiodinium can be divided into two groups. One group, as typified by environmental isolates in the present study and previous reports, may be exclusively free‐living; the other group exists transiently in free‐living forms, possibly having been expelled from animal hosts. The populations within the latter group probably represent environmental sources of viable symbionts, because these are normally host‐associated. However, the Symbiodinium in the former group are not expected to engage in stable symbioses with host cnidarians.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic identity of free‐living Symbiodinium obtained over a broad latitudinal range in the Japanese coast

Yamashita

Koike

2012

Phycological Research

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“…This suggests that the host is able to exert a high degree of control over the symbiont to block cytokinesis and maximize photosynthetic capacity. Contrary to other photosymbioses where viable symbionts can be released (37)(38)(39), Acantharia may thus enslave and exploit Phaeocystis cells over a period before either digesting them or shedding nonviable cells. Sequestration of prey organelles, such as plastids (kleptoplastidy) and nuclei (karyoklepty), is well documented (11,40), including a report that a heterotrophic dinoflagellate from Antarctic waters is capable of temporarily retaining functional Phaeocystis plastids (41).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An original mode of symbiosis in open ocean plankton

Decelle

Probert

Bittner

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

135

147

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International audienceSymbiotic relationships are widespread in nature and are fundamental for ecosystem functioning and the evolution of biodiversity. In marine environments, photosymbiosis with microalgae is best known for sustaining benthic coral reef ecosystems. Despite the importance of oceanic microbiota in global ecology and biogeochemical cycles, symbioses are poorly characterized in open ocean plankton. Here, we describe a widespread symbiotic association between Acantharia biomineralizing microorganisms that are abundant grazers in plankton communities, and members of the haptophyte genus Phaeocystis that are cosmopolitan bloom-forming microalgae. Cophylogenetic analyses demonstrate that symbiont biogeography, rather than host taxonomy, is the main determinant of the association. Molecular dating places the origin of this photosymbiosis in the Jurassic (ca. 175 Mya), a period of accentuated marine oligotrophy. Measurements of intracellular dimethylated sulfur indicate that the host likely profits from antioxidant protection provided by the symbionts as an adaptation to life in transparent oligotrophic surface waters. In contrast to terrestrial and marine symbioses characterized to date, the symbiont reported in this association is extremely abundant and ecologically active in its free-living phase. In the vast and barren open ocean, partnership with photosymbionts that have extensive free-living populations is likely an advantageous strategy for hosts that rely on such interactions. Discovery of the Acantharia-Phaeocystis association contrasts with the widely held view that symbionts are specialized organisms that are rare and ecologically passive outside the host

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“…Along with this, corallivorous fishes as well as invertebrates themselves release viable Symbiodinium in their faecal matter (Muller‐Parker ; Porto et al . ; Castro‐Sanguino & Sánchez ). Avenues such as these provide numerous and steady inputs of symbiont cells into the surrounding environment, contributing to an abundance of free‐living Symbiodinium .…”

Section: Free‐living Symbiodiniummentioning

confidence: 99%

Population genetics of reef coral endosymbionts (Symbiodinium, Dinophyceae)

et al. 2017

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Symbiodinium is a diverse genus of unicellular dinoflagellate symbionts associating with various marine protists and invertebrates. Although the broadscale diversity and phylogenetics of the Symbiodinium complex is well established, there have been surprisingly few data on fine-scale population structure and biogeography of these dinoflagellates. Yet population-level processes contribute strongly to the biology of Symbiodinium, including how anthropogenic-driven global climate change impacts these symbionts and their host associations. Here, we present a synthesis of population-level characteristics for Symbiodinium, with an emphasis on how phylogenetic affinities, dynamics within and among host individuals, and a propensity towards clonality shape patterns on and across reefs. Major inferences include the following: (i) Symbiodinium populations within individual hosts are comprised mainly of cells belonging to a single or few genetic clones. (ii) Symbiont populations exhibit a mixed mode of reproduction, wherein at least one sexual recombination event occurs in the genealogy between most genotypes, but clonal propagation predominates overall. (iii) Mutualistic Symbiodinium do not perpetually persist outside their hosts, instead undergoing turnover and replacement via the continuous shedding of viable clonal cells from host individuals. (iv) Symbiont populations living in the same host, but on different reefs, are often genetically subdivided, suggesting low connectivity, adaptation to local conditions, or prolific asexual reproduction and low effective population sizes leading to disproportionate success within and among hosts. Overall, this synthesis forms a basis for future investigations of coral symbiosis ecology and evolution as well as delimitation of species boundaries in Symbiodinium and other eukaryotic microorganisms.

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Dispersal of Symbiodinium by the stoplight parrotfish Sparisoma viride

Cited by 37 publications

References 22 publications

Genetic identity of free‐living Symbiodinium obtained over a broad latitudinal range in the Japanese coast

Genetic identity of free‐living Symbiodinium obtained over a broad latitudinal range in the Japanese coast

An original mode of symbiosis in open ocean plankton

Population genetics of reef coral endosymbionts (Symbiodinium, Dinophyceae)

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