Dispersal of the Apple Maggot—1932 Studies

Phipps, C. R.; Dirks, C. O.

doi:10.1093/jee/26.2.344

Cited by 8 publications

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“…Our finding that flies are drawn out of a patch toward an odour-emitting source bears on the observations of several authors (e.g. Phipps & Dirks, 1932, 1933Bourne et al, 1934) that fruit in border rows in apple orchards consistently show greater R.pornonella infestation than trees in the centre. Presumably, flies emerging elsewhere are drawn into the orchard by the apple volatiles.…”

Section: Control Tacticssupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Our observations on movement patterns of R.pomonella in response to apple volatiles fill in some gaps in a larger picture of population dispersal presented by other authors. Phipps & Dirks (1932, 1933 and Bourne er al. (1934), in a series of mark-recapture studies, concluded that R.pomonella move into apple orchards from adjacent abandoned apple trees and that fruit in border rows may be more heavily damaged than fruit in the middle of a block.…”

Section: Movement Patternsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…They also speculated that dispersal is often a gradual process, with flies moving from tree to tree in accordance with seasonal change in varietal preference, and that wind spreads flies in many directions. Phipps & Dirks (1932, 1933 noted that two environmental factors (rain, low temperatures) and two physical factors (natural barriers such as hedges and artificial barriers such as buildings) probably exert an inhibiting effect upon R.pomonella dispersal.…”

Section: Movement Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Host Search behaviour by Rhagoletis pomonella files: inter‐tree movement patterns in response to wind‐borne fruit volatiles under filed conditions

Aluja

Prokopy

1992

Physiological Entomology

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Abstract. Responses of Rhagoletis pomonella (Wash) (Diptera: Tephritidae) to synthetic host fruit violates were studied in the field. Individually marked females were released in the centre of a 25 m2 patch containing twenty‐five host trees (Crataegus mollis var, toba) and followed as they moved within and between trees. Fly response to three experimental conditions was studied: (1) ‘clean’ air; (2) synthetic host fruit violates (apple) permeating the patch; and (3) a single point source of odour placed c 1m away from the edge of the patch. Files in a patch permeated with host odour moved faster, exhibited more straightened‐out moves, and reached the edges of the patch more quickly than those exposed to clean air. Flies exposed to a point source of odour exhibited clear orientation responses, arriving consistently at the tree harbouring the source of odour. Odour exposure was intermittent and usually brief (c. 20s‐1 exposure) with intervals between exposure periods averaging 103s. Wind speed and direction were highly variable. Flies moved during wind ranging in speed form 0.5 to 4.4 m s‐1, with their activity being greatest at winds below 2m s‐1. Strong winds (>3.5 ms‐1) either arrested movement or enhanced downwind displacement. Our observations tend to support the ‘series‐of‐steps’ hypothesis reviewed by Gibson & Brandy (1985) as a mechanism of close‐range host location (1‐5m from odour source). Our findings are discussed with respect to theoretical and practical implications of insect orientation mechanisms to odours, dispersal, and control strategies.

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Section: Control Tacticssupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Movement Patternsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Movement Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Host Search behaviour by Rhagoletis pomonella files: inter‐tree movement patterns in response to wind‐borne fruit volatiles under filed conditions

Aluja

Prokopy

1992

Physiological Entomology

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“…At the Bream location, the commercial orchard was more distant from the abandoned orchard than at Carroll Valley. Long-distance ßy movement across various habitat types has been observed (Phipps and Dirks 1933, Bourne et al 1934, Maxwell and Parsons 1968, Johnson 1983, so the intervening Þeld (BF) is unlikely to represent a barrier to apple maggot dispersal. A detectable apple maggot infestation in dropped fruit (1.16% in 1998 and 0.8% in 1999) was recorded in the commercial orchard at the Bream location.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population Dynamics of Apple Maggot (Diptera: Tephritidae) in South Central Pennsylvania

Chen

Felland

McPheron

2002

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The apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), was monitored with baited yellow panels and red spheres in commercial orchards, abandoned orchards, and unsprayed backyard apple trees in 1998 and 1999. Apple maggot adults were captured in all apple habitats, but the capture levels in the abandoned orchards and unsprayed backyard trees tended to be higher than in the commercial orchards. Peak capture occurred between mid-July and late August in both years. Emergence cages seeded with infested fruits were used to investigate bivoltinism, which was observed in both years.

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“…Also, egg to pupal survivorship is known to vary among different varieties of apples (Phipps and Dirks, 1933a;Reissig, 1979). Mark and recapture studies indicate that apple maggot adults often disperse among different apple trees from release points (Phipps and Dirks, 1933b;Bourne et al, 1934;Maxwell, 1968;Neilson, 1971;Buriff, 1973;Reissig, 1977;Roitberg et al, 1982) which suggests that adults distribute their reproductive outputs among a number ofdifferent host trees. Differential selection among apple trees therefore could explain the higher level of intrahost allele frequency variation for the apple race, provided, of course, that apple and hawthorn flies disperse in a similar manner.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

REGIONAL, LOCAL AND MICROGEOGRAPHIC ALLELE FREQUENCY VARIATION BETWEEN APPLE AND HAWTHORN POPULATIONS OF RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA IN WESTERN MICHIGAN

Feder

Chilcote

Bush³

1990

Evolution

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Abstract.-In the preceding study (Feder et al., 1990), we report that paired apple and hawthorn infesting populations ofRhagoletis pomonella are genetically differentiated for six allozymes. Here, we show that patterns of intra-and inter-host allele frequency variation seen for these six loci across the eastern United States are consistent on a more fine grained spatial scale in western Michigan. Malic enzyme, Aconitase-2, Mannose phosphate isomerase, and Hydroxyacid dehydrogenase all displayed significant linear relationships with latitude among five "regional" hawthorn populations sampled along a north-south transect between the cities of Cadillac and Portage, Michigan. Clines were not as evident among "regional" apple populations in western Michigan, although allele frequencies for Malic enzyme's", Mannose phosphate isomerase's" and Aconitase-2 95 varied with latitude among six "local" apple populations within a 60 km 2 area near the town of Grant. Significant allele frequency differences were observed between hawthorn and apple populations at all "regional" and "local" collecting sites analyzed in the study (a total of 20 different apple and hawthorn populations). As was the case in the geographic survey of the eastern United States, the magnitude and pattern of inter-host frequency differences at "regional" and "local" sites were a function of latitude. Host related genetic differentiation was consistent on a "microgeographic" scale as well. Allele frequencies for Malic enzyme'w and Aconitase-2 95 were significantly higher over a four-year period (1984 to 1987) for flies sampled from individual hawthorn trees (N = 6) than apple trees (N = 7) within an old field (0.09-km 2 area) located near Grant. The fine level of genetic subdivision between hawthorn and apple populations of R. pomonella in western Michigan substantiates the existence ofhost associated polymorphism in the fly and supports a sympatric mode of divergence for the "apple race".

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Dispersal of the Apple Maggot—1932 Studies

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Host Search behaviour by Rhagoletis pomonella files: inter‐tree movement patterns in response to wind‐borne fruit volatiles under filed conditions

Host Search behaviour by Rhagoletis pomonella files: inter‐tree movement patterns in response to wind‐borne fruit volatiles under filed conditions

Population Dynamics of Apple Maggot (Diptera: Tephritidae) in South Central Pennsylvania

REGIONAL, LOCAL AND MICROGEOGRAPHIC ALLELE FREQUENCY VARIATION BETWEEN APPLE AND HAWTHORN POPULATIONS OF RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA IN WESTERN MICHIGAN

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