Disperse Red 1 (textile dye) induces cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in mouse germ cells

Fernandes, Fábio Henrique; Bustos‐Obregón, Eduardo; Salvadori, Daisy Maria Fávero

doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.04.002

Cited by 62 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Besides the possible toxicity of azo dyes per se [Yadav et al, ; Fernandes et al, ], these dyes can also present hazards mediated by their constituent aromatic amines. Residues of the amines used in synthesis may remain as impurities in the final dye product [Stavric et al, ; Nony and Bowman, ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potent mutagenicity in the Ames test of 2‐cyano‐4‐nitroaniline and 2,6‐dicyano‐4‐nitroaniline, components of disperse dyes

Josephy

Zahid

Dhanoa

et al. 2015

Environ and Mol Mutagen

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Genotoxicity data on commercial azo dyes and their components remain sparse, despite their widespread use. We have tested the mutagenicity of 2-cyano-4-nitroaniline (CNNA) and 2,6-dicyano-4-nitroaniline (CNCNNA), components of azo dyes such as Disperse Blue 165 and Disperse Red 73, in Ames test strains. Both compounds are extraordinarily potent frameshift mutagens, with much greater activity than structurally similar dihalonitroanilines and halodinitroanilines. Analysis of the responses of strains over-expressing or deficient in bioactivation enzymes shows that bacterial nitroreductase and acetyl CoA: arylamine N-acetyltransferase are important mediators of the mutagenicity of CNNA and CNCNNA. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 57:10-16, 2016. V C 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Key words: Ames test; nitroanilines; cyanoaromatics; disperse dyes INTRODUCTIONThe history of the synthetic dye industry is interwoven with the development of organic chemistry, toxicology, and occupational safety. Azo dyes continue to comprise more than half of the worldwide production volume of dyes. Azo compounds are found in many functional classes of dyes, including acid, basic, disperse, reactive, and solvent dyes [Freeman, 2013]. The European Commission has banned the use of any azo dyes which, upon reduction, might liberate any of 22 designated aromatic amines, including benzidine, 4-aminobiphenyl, 2-naphthylamine, and other proven or suspected carcinogens [Ahlstr€ om et al., 2005]. However, absence from this list is not proof of safety. Regulatory agencies have conducted major research studies and risk-assessment reviews of azo dyes and their aromatic amine precursors, notably the "Benzidine Dye Initiative" of the National Toxicology Program, USA [Morgan et al., 1994] and the recent "Aromatic Azo and Benzidinebased Substance Grouping" component of the "Substance Groupings Initiative" conducted by Environment Canada and Health Canada. The chemical structures of many of these dyes include "structural alerts" for mutagenicity, such as nitroaromatic and arylamine functional groups. Nevertheless, there are many knowledge gaps in the toxicology and genotoxicology data for azo dyes and their components. One major reason for this is simply the very large number of synthetic dyes; Weaver states that nearly 100,000 different dyes were produced at the Eastman Kodak Co. alone, through 1986[Weaver, 2003.Besides the possible toxicity of azo dyes per se [Yadav et al., 2013;Fernandes et al., 2015], these dyes can also present hazards mediated by their constituent aromatic Abbreviations: BrBrNA, 2,6-dibromo-4-nitroaniline; BrDNA, 2-bromo-4,6-dinitroaniline; ClBrNA, 2-bromo-6-chloro-4-nitroaniline; ClClNA, 2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline; ClDNA, 2-chloro-4,6-dinitroaniline; CNCNNA, 2,6-dicyano-4-nitroaniline; CNCNNB, 1,3-dicyano-5-nitrobenzene; CNCNPPD, 2,6-dicyano-p-phenylenediamine; CNNA, 2-cyano-4-nitroaniline. All authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 57:10^16 (2016) amines. Residues of the amines used i...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potent mutagenicity in the Ames test of 2‐cyano‐4‐nitroaniline and 2,6‐dicyano‐4‐nitroaniline, components of disperse dyes

Josephy

Zahid

Dhanoa

et al. 2015

Environ and Mol Mutagen

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“…Another issue to be addressed was the absence of commercial DR1 mutagenicity at the highest dose (500 mg/kg bw) in bone marrow cells. Previously, using the comet assay, we have detected the capability of commercial DR1, at this same dose, to induce DNA damage in mouse testis cells (Fernandes et al, ). Frequently, the nonmutagenic effect of a test‐compound only at the highest dose happens because of its toxicity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…DR1 was also mutagenic in the Salmonella typhimurium strains YG1041, YG1042, TA98, and TA100 (Ferraz et al, ), and induced increased frequency of micronucleus in in vitro human lymphocytes and hepatoma cells (HepG2) (Chequer et al, ). Toxic and genotoxic effects of DR1 (20–500 mg/kg of body weight) were also observed in male mouse gonad cells, suggesting that this dye can be a potential germ cell mutagen (Fernandes et al, ). Nevertheless, no study has explored the potential consequences of DR1 in mouse somatic cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vivo genotoxicity of a commercial C.I. Disperse Red 1 dye

Fernandes

Botasso‐Nasciutti

Svio

et al. 2018

Environ and Mol Mutagen

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Color Index (C.I.) Disperse Red 1 (DR1) is a widely used textile azo dye found in rivers. As it may not be completely removed by conventional treatments, humans can be exposed through drinking water. Studies have supported in vitro toxicity and mutagenicity of commercial DR1. This study aimed to investigate the mutagenic and toxicogenomic effects of commercial DR1 in multiple tissues/organs of Swiss male mice. For that, animals were orally exposed to the dye (by gavage), at single doses of 0.0005, 0.005, 0.5, 50, or 500 mg/kg bw. The two lowest doses were equivalent to the ones found in two Brazilian rivers receiving influx of textile discharges. Cytotoxicity, micronucleated cell frequencies (for all doses tested), primary DNA damage (comet assay), and gene expression profiling of (0.0005 and 0.005 mg/kg of bw) were investigated 24 hr after animal exposure to commercial DR1. Data showed increased frequencies of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in bone marrow cells after treatment with 0.5 and 50 mg/kg bw. At 0.005 mg/kg bw, commercial DR1 induced an increase of primary DNA damage in liver, but not in kidney cells. Additionally, upregulation of genes involved in the inflammatory process (IL1B) (0.0005 and 0.005 mg/kg bw) and cell-cycle control (CDKN1A) in liver cells, and apoptosis (BCL2 and BAX) in leukocytes (0.005 mg/kg bw) were also detected. In conclusion, the commercial DR1 was genotoxic (chromosome aberrations and primary DNA damage) and modulated gene expression in mice, and such effects were dependent on the doses and tissues analyzed. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:822-828, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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“…Therefore, a monitoring study should be considered for this dye, considering its confirmed occurrence and potential risks, using a much larger number of sampling sites and a longer period of sampling with shorter frequency. The monitoring seems also indicated due to its genotoxicity potential for humans, which has been demonstrated not only in vitro but also by in vivo testing with mammals (Fernandes et al, 2015). Sediment samples should be analyzed as well, because Disperse Red 1 itself is poorly water soluble due to its relatively high log K ow (4.2) and low water solubility (0.8 mg L À1 ) and therefore, it is expected to easily adsorb to sediment.…”

Section: Occurrence and Risk Of Disperse Red 1 In River Watersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This dye also showed genotoxic potentials in the Salmonella/microsome assay, the comet assay using HepG2 cells, as well as the micronucleus assay involving human lymphocytes and HepG2 cells (Chequer et al, 2009;Ferraz et al, 2011;Oliveira et al, 2010). Another study showed that DR1 induces cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in mouse germ cells, indicating the harmful activity of this dye (Fernandes et al, 2015). Nevertheless, currently no regulatory thresholds exist for DR1 to ensure the protection of aquatic biota or human from this important group of compounds (Ribeiro and Umbuzeiro, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and risk assessment of an azo dye – The case of Disperse Red 1

Vacchi

Ohe²,

Albuquerque

et al. 2016

Chemosphere

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h i g h l i g h t s g r a p h i c a l a b s t r a c t Disperse Red 1 dye was found in river waters in concentrations above the PNEC.The PNEC was based on toxicity endpoints for a commercial dye and its purified form. The CRED method was used to evaluate the quality of endpoints used in PNEC derivation. a b s t r a c tWater quality criteria to protect aquatic life are not available for most disperse dyes which are often used as commercial mixtures in textile coloration. In this study, the acute and chronic toxicity of the commercial dye Disperse Red 1 (DR1) to eight aquatic organisms from four trophic levels was evaluated. A safety threshold, i.e. Predicted No-Effect Concentration (PNEC), was derived based on the toxicity information of the commercial product and the purified dye. This approach was possible because the toxicity of DR1 was accounting for most of the toxicity of the commercial mixture. A long-term PNEC of 60 ng L À1 was proposed, based on the most sensitive chronic endpoint for Daphnia similis. A short-term PNEC of 1800 ng L À1 was proposed based on the most sensitive acute endpoint also for Daphnia similis.Both key studies have been evaluated with the new "Criteria for Reporting and Evaluating ecotoxicity Data" (CRED) methodology, applying more objective criteria to assess the quality of toxicity tests, resulting in two reliable and relevant endpoints with only minor restrictions. HPLC-MS/MS was used to quantify the occurrence of DR1 in river waters of three sites, influenced by textile industry discharges, resulting in a concentration range of 50e500 ng L À1 . The risk quotients for DR1 obtained in this work Chemosphere 156 (2016) 95e100 Mixture PNEC suggest that this dye can pose a potential risk to freshwater biota. To reduce uncertainty of the derived PNEC, a fish partial or full lifecycle study should be performed.

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Disperse Red 1 (textile dye) induces cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in mouse germ cells

Cited by 62 publications

References 37 publications

Potent mutagenicity in the Ames test of 2‐cyano‐4‐nitroaniline and 2,6‐dicyano‐4‐nitroaniline, components of disperse dyes

Potent mutagenicity in the Ames test of 2‐cyano‐4‐nitroaniline and 2,6‐dicyano‐4‐nitroaniline, components of disperse dyes

In Vivo genotoxicity of a commercial C.I. Disperse Red 1 dye

Occurrence and risk assessment of an azo dye – The case of Disperse Red 1

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