Disperse Systems and Dispersants

Heusch, R.; Reizlein, K.

doi:10.1002/14356007.a08_577

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…Aromatic sulfonates are widely used in industrial processes as well as in consumer products. , They function as dispersants and wetting agents in several processes and are of importance in the production of optical brighteners and pharmaceuticals. , …”

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confidence: 99%

Analysis of Sulfonated Naphthalene−Formaldehyde Condensates by Ion-Pair Chromatography and Their Quantitative Determination from Aqueous Environmental Samples

Wolf

Lange²,

Reemtsma³

et al. 2000

Anal. Chem.

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An ion-pair solid-phase extraction (IPE), ion-pair chromatography (IPC) procedure with fluorescence detection for the quantitative analysis of sulfonated naphthalene-formaldehyde condensates (SNFC) was developed, which provides full resolution of SNFC up to a degree of condensation n = 5 and partial resolution up to n = 15. Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry confirmed that SNFC elute in the order of condensation. Response factors in fluorescence detection proved to be mass-constant, thereby allowing us to determine total SNFC amounts. With this IPC method, the weight- and the number-average molecular weights of these high-volume production chemicals (kiloton per annum), used as synthetic tanning agents, concrete plasticizers, and dispersants, can be determined. Recoveries in IPE range from 73 to 85% in river Rhine water and from 79 to 93% in tap water for n = 2 to n = 7 with limits of detection of 3-8 ng/L for individual homologues from 500 mL of water. The IPE-IPC procedure was applied to samples of secondary industrial effluents, river Rhine water, a river bank filtrate, and a groundwater sample. SNFC up to n = 6 were detected in the treated effluents. Total concentrations ranged from 208 micrograms/L in a secondary treated SNFC production effluent to < 1.4 micrograms/L in groundwater. These first analyses suggest a widespread occurrence of the lower oligomers of SNFC in the aquatic environment.

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confidence: 99%

Analysis of Sulfonated Naphthalene−Formaldehyde Condensates by Ion-Pair Chromatography and Their Quantitative Determination from Aqueous Environmental Samples

Wolf

Lange²,

Reemtsma³

et al. 2000

Anal. Chem.

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“…The important role of surfactants as stabilizers of different systems (i.e., colloidal dispersions) in several fields (industry, medicine, biology) is well-known. − Examples are found in textile industry (dyeing of fibers, water resistance), paper manufacturing and recycling of wastepaper, paints, adhesives, photographic material, cleaners, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, immunoassays, , agriculture (pesticides), and food technology. In mineral processing, the adsorption of surfactants and polyphosphates improves the grinding of minerals and it makes possible the flotation process .…”

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confidence: 99%

Colloidal Stability Influenced by Inhomogeneous Surfactant Assemblies in Confined Spaces

Jódar-Reyes

Leermakers

2009

J. Phys. Chem. B

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Recently, a molecular-level self-consistent field approach was used to show that some surfactants assemblies (with local cylindrical structure) can bridge between two surfaces that in turn are covered by surfactant bilayers. The stability of such a connection is related to a higher end-cap (free) energy of the worm-like micelle (in solution) than the connection (free) energy of the micelle with the surface layer. This preliminary study has been extended here to know the viability of this connection as a function of different parameters related to the surfactant structure and the interaction between the surfaces and the different moieties composing the surfactant. The effect of such parameters on the structure of the connection, the thermodynamic stability of such a formation, and the interaction curve between such surfaces has been analyzed in case the connection was possible. A secondary minimum has been found, which could give rise to surfactant-induced flocculation. This minimum is strongly affected by the surfactant properties. Other interesting surfactant structures have been predicted to form in confined spaces under certain parameter regimes.

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“…1b, Redín and others 1999). These condensation products, the so-called sulfonated naphthalene-formaldehyde condensates (SNFC), offer a broad spectrum of applications and are used, for example, as tanning agents (Schubert and others 1978), dispersing agents (Heusch and Reizlein 1987), and as super-plasticizers for concrete (Ramachandran 1984, Hiessl andHillenbrand 1992). The analytical determination of naphthalenesulfonates at trace levels from water has been only possible since the early 1990s when the first methods of analysis for the monomers were reported (Schullerer and others 1990;Zerbinati and others 1993;Altenbach and Giger 1995;Lange and others 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of naphthalenesulfonates and their condensates with formaldehyde in a landfill leachate and their transport behavior in groundwater of the Upper Rhine Valley, Germany

Menzel

Lange

Käß³

et al. 2002

Environmental Geology

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Naphthalenesulfonates and their condensation products with formaldehyde are manufactured in the chemical industry for broad application as tanning agents, dispersing agents, and as superplasticizers for concrete. With the disposal of waste they have found their way into the aquatic environment. Five monomeric naphthalenesulfonates and a group of dimeric sulfonated naphthalene-formaldehyde condensates (SNFC) were identified in the leachate and in groundwater observation wells downstream in the plume of the Karlsruhe-West landfill, situated in the Upper Rhine Valley in southwest Germany. For the main monomer of technical SNFC products, 2-naphthalenesulfonate (2-NS), the concentration in the leachate was 170 lg l -1 , which decreased to 9.5 lg l -1 at a distance of about 300 m from the boundary of the landfill. In the Merdingen tracer test field, the transport of these compounds was studied under more controlled conditions in two tracer experiments with (1) two model compounds, and (2) a technical SNFC product and uranine as a reference tracer. In these experiments, the monomeric naphthalenesulfonates and the SNFC with n=2 behave as conservative tracers. Thus, the findings of the landfill study were supported by these results. Higher molecular SNFC were strongly retarded, which is attributed to adsorption to soil particles. The results of the second tracer experiment suggest a degradation of 2-NS and 2,6-naphthalenedisulfonate (2,6-NDS) after adaptation of the microorganisms in the groundwater aquifer as a consequence of the first tracer experiment.

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Disperse Systems and Dispersants

Abstract: The article contains sections titled: 1. Terminology 2. Production of Disperse Systems … Show more

Cited by 6 publications

References 68 publications

Analysis of Sulfonated Naphthalene−Formaldehyde Condensates by Ion-Pair Chromatography and Their Quantitative Determination from Aqueous Environmental Samples

Analysis of Sulfonated Naphthalene−Formaldehyde Condensates by Ion-Pair Chromatography and Their Quantitative Determination from Aqueous Environmental Samples

Colloidal Stability Influenced by Inhomogeneous Surfactant Assemblies in Confined Spaces

Occurrence of naphthalenesulfonates and their condensates with formaldehyde in a landfill leachate and their transport behavior in groundwater of the Upper Rhine Valley, Germany

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