“…Meta-structure optimisation methods have previously employed finite element analysis (FEA) as a basis for structure-property enhancements [16,17]. These include non-linear programming [18], gradient-descent [19,20,21], Bayesian optimisation [22,23], deep learning [24,25] and various evolutionary algorithms [26,27,28,29,30] as a basis for the optimisation frameworks. These optimisation frameworks rely on topology [31,3,17,25] and parametric design approaches [22,26,32,33,34,5] to alter the arrangement of metamaterial lattices [23,4], chiral structures [34,32] and thin-walled cellular solids [6,7,8].…”