Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with laser-induced breakdown spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry to elemental analysis

Electrospray deposition followed by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (ESD-LIBS): a new method for trace elemental analysis of aqueous samples

“…[10][11][12][13] With the aim to overcome the limitation of LIBS analysis of liquids, different strategies involving the use of sample preparation procedures have been investigated by many authors. Among them, it can be cited the absorption or drying of the sample on a solid matrix, [14][15][16][17][18] the application of solid phase extraction (SPE) procedures, 19,20 or the use of modern microextraction procedures in both Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (LLME) [21][22][23][24] and Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) 25,26 modalities, among others. In general, the use of these sample preparation procedures prior LIBS detection leads to a substantial improvement in the analytical performance of the method, by decreasing the limits of detection at the low µg L -1 level.…”

Speciation of chromium by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by laser-induced breakdown spectrometry detection (DLLME–LIBS)

“…LIBS analysis of the resulting analyte-enriched organic solvent was carried out using the surface-enhanced LIBS methodology (SENLIBS) already described elsewhere. [16][17][18][19][20] To this end, 10 mL of the organic extract was transferred to an aluminum substrate, heated to dryness and analyzed by the LIBS experimental system described above (Section 2.1).…”

“…In general, an excess is necessary to guarantee the formation of a fair amount of the target analyte complex, even in the presence of interfering species. [20][21][22] The volume of disperser solvent should be controlled to ensure adequate extractant solvent dispersion, thus leading to the formation of ne droplets that are responsible for the extraction efficiency in DLLME. However, an excess of disperser solvent may increase the solubility of the previously formed hydrophobic analyte complex in the aqueous phase and the dilution of the organic phase, thus resulting in a lower extraction efficiency.…”

Magnetic Fe3O4@Mg/Al-layered double hydroxide adsorbent for preconcentration of trace metals in water matrices

“…Sample preparation methods such as dispersive liquid–liquid micro-extraction (DLLME) 15 , solid-phase extraction (SPE) 16 , 17 , dispersive solid-phase microextraction (DSPME), and dispersive magnetic solid-phase extraction (DMSPE) 18 , among others have been used for preconcentration of trace metals. Dispersive magnetic solid-phase extraction (DMSPE) is classified as a miniaturized SPE technique because smaller amounts of adsorbents are needed compared to the traditional SPE 19 .…”