Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction for the Analysis of Veterinary Drugs Applied to Food Samples: A Review

Abstract

To achieve analytical success, it is necessary to develop thorough clean-up procedures to extract analytes from the matrix. Dispersive solid phase extraction (DSPE) has been used as a pretreatment technique for the analysis of several compounds. This technique is based on the dispersion of a solid sorbent in liquid samples in the extraction isolation and clean-up of different analytes from complex matrices. DSPE has found a wide range of applications in several fields, and it is considered to be a selective, robust, and versatile technique. The applications of dispersive techniques in the analysis of veterinary drugs in different matrices involve magnetic sorbents, molecularly imprinted polymers, carbon-based nanomaterials, and the Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) method. Techniques based on DSPE permit minimization of additional steps such as precipitation, centrifugation, and filtration, which decreases the manipulation of the sample. In this review, we describe the main procedures used for synthesis, characterization, and application of this pretreatment technique and how it has been applied to food analysis.

Recent Advances in the Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Environmental Samples

“…Compared to the conventional SPE process, the main benefit of d-SPE is the reduction of sample preparation time, as well as its simplicity, adaptability and easy handling. A wide variety of sorbents have been utilized for the d-SPE of PAHs from environmental samples [30,31].…”

Current Trends in Fully Automated On-Line Analytical Techniques for Beverage Analysis

“…This group of techniques has been highlighted against conventional ones by their possibility of minimizing both the consumption of toxic organic solvents and the volume of sample used. In addition, the extraction phases can be reused (in opposition to the dischargeable conventional SPE cartridges), a better pre-concentration of the analytes is obtained and it is possible to directly couple them with chromatographic systems, such as in the case of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) [4], solid-phase dispersive extraction (dSPE) [16], stir-bar sorbent extraction (SBSE) [17] and microextraction in packed sorbent (MEPS) [18]. These techniques allow extracting and concentrating the solute in the same stage, which reduces the potential loss of solutes and analysis time.…”

Colorimetric determination of amaranth followed enrichment and separation using buoyant adsorbents

“…Among them, d-SPE has received wide attention due to its many advantages, such as uncomplicated operation, high efficiency, and low dosage of organic solvents. In d-SPE, the adsorbent is dispersed in the sample solution, which can accelerate adsorption equilibrium and avoid blockage of the adsorption channel (Islas et al 2017). In addition, d-SPE can be combined with a variety of analytical instruments, just like absorption spectra detection (Hu et al 2012), mass spectrometry (MS) (Surma et al 2014), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Lankova et al 2016), fluorescence (FL) (Hu et al 2011), and so on.…”