Displacement-based energy dissipation systems for steel bridges diaphragms

RETRACTED: Innovative method in seismic design of slab-on-girder steel bridges

“…It is a fact that in some projects, base isolation proved to be more expensive than conventional strengthening. The other retrofitting practice is to either strengthen or replace the existing nonductile members [5][6][7], enhance their ductility capacity [8,9], seismic retrofit design using ductile end diaphragms by approximation close form [10,11] and using ductile end cross frames to reduce the transverse seismic demand in composite steel-plate girder bridge superstructures [12]. Whereas all these approaches are a proven effective solution, only a few concepts currently recognize that seismic deficiency attributable to substructural weaknesses may be resolved by operating elsewhere than on the substructure itself.…”