Displacement of Rhipicephalus decoloratus by Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

Nyangiwe, Nkululeko; Harrison, Alan; Horak, Ivan G.

doi:10.1007/s10493-013-9705-7

Cited by 62 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The presence of R. microplus in dry regions has been reported elsewhere in West Africa (Madder et al, 2007), South Africa (Nyangiwe et al, 2013a;Tonnesen et al, 2004), Zambia (Berkvens et al, 1998), East Africa (Lynen et al, 2008) and more recently in Namibia (Nyangiwe et al, 2013b). However, what is noteworthy is the spread of this tick into the interior of the country.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Communal farmers’ perceptions of tick-borne diseases affecting cattle and investigation of tick control methods practiced in Zimbabwe

Sungirai

Moyo

Clercq

et al. 2016

Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases

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Tick borne diseases (TBDs) are responsible for huge economic losses in cattle production in most African countries where the majority of cattle owners are the resource poor communal farmers. Governments have initiated and co-ordinate tick control programs with farmers required to contribute funds for their sustenance. The success of these programs will hinge upon the involvement of communal farmers in their design, implementation and evaluation. To this end, 313 communal farmers (approximately 8.4% of the target population) were interviewed and 3 focus group discussions were carried out in the southern low-veld part of Zimbabwe with the objectives of investigating communal farmers" perceptions on TBDs affecting cattle, level of participation in government initiated tick control programs, other tick control methods practiced, types of acaricides used and their perceived effectiveness. There was a general awareness of TBDs with 67.7% (n=212) farmers being able to describe tick diseases with names or clinical and post-mortem signs. The diseases or situations frequently associated with ticks were codwriosis (38%, n=119), mastitis (36.7%, n=115), anaplasmosis (36.1%, n=113), body damage (28.4%, n=89), babesiosis (24.6%, n=77) and poor body condition (16.6%, n=52). Cattle mortalities due to TBDs were reported by 23.8% (n=74) of the farmers. Farmers (40.6% , n=127) reported an increase in the number of cases of TBDs while 53.4% (n=167) did not see an increase. The plunge dip was consistently used by farmers (70.3%, n=220) to control ticks. Other tick control methods practiced were the hand spraying (67.4%, n=211), hand dressing (16.6%, n=52), traditional methods (5.4%, n=17), use of pour-ons (4.5%, n=14) and smearing (2.2%, n=7). The formamidines were the most common class of acaricide used (59.4%, n=186), followed by synthetic pyrethroids (29.1%, n=91), macro cyclic lactones (12.8%, n=40) and organophosphates (4.5%, n=14). Most farmers (75.2%, n=231) perceived these acaricides to be effective in controlling ticks. The results of focus group discussions showed that a number of factors influenced the success of government initiated tick control programs and these included inconsistent supply of acaricides, unaffordable dipping fees, lack of water, long distance to the dip tank, lack of information on dipping procedures and lack of knowledge on strategies for delaying acaricide resistance. This study demonstrates that while farmers can be a valuable source of information with regards to the epidemiology of tick borne diseases affecting their cattle, there is still need for further training in understanding the TBDs and strategies for their control.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Communal farmers’ perceptions of tick-borne diseases affecting cattle and investigation of tick control methods practiced in Zimbabwe

Sungirai

Moyo

Clercq

et al. 2016

Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases

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“…The relationship between R. microplus and R. decoloratus has been extensively studied in other countries (De Clercq et al, 2012;Estrada-Peña et al, 2006;Lynen et al, 2008;Nyangiwe et al, 2013a;Tonnesen et al, 2004).…”

Section: Farmers and Veterinary Extensionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent studies have focused on the relationship that exists between this sub-group of the Rhipicephalus species and results have indicated that Rhipicephalus microplus is displacing other ticks of the same genus in West Africa, South Africa, Tanzania, Mozambique and more recently also in Namibia (De Clercq et al, 2012;De Matos et al, 2009;Lynen et al, 2008;Nyangiwe et al, 2013a;Nyangiwe et al, 2013b). In Zimbabwe, Mason and Norval (1980) reported that the exotic R. microplus was displacing the autochthonous Rhipicephalus decoloratus in the eastern parts of the country with unconfirmed reports suggesting that because of the 1980-1983 drought R. microplus could actually have disappeared from the country (Norval et al, 1992), while subsequent research revealed that R. microplus was still limited to the eastern and northern parts of the country (Katsande et al, 1996) and that it could periodically spread into the interior areas of Zimbabwe (Smeenk et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An update on the ecological distribution of the Ixodidae ticks in Zimbabwe

et al. 2015

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In total 7 567 were collected from 121 dip tanks in 12 districts representative of Zimbabwe's five ecological regions between September 2013 and May 2014. Based on morphological traits four genera and 13 species of ticks were identified. Amblyomma hebraeum (60.3%), Rhipicephalus microplus (58.7%), Rhipicephalus decoloratus (47.1%), Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (56.2%), Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (67.8%), Rhipicephalus (near) punctatus (13.2%), Hyalomma truncatum (38%) and Hyalomma rufipes (46.3%) were found in all the ecological regions of the country. Amblyomma variegatum and Rhipicephalus compositus (0.8%) were only found in the north central part of the country while Rhipicephalus simus (5%) had a sparse distribution. The Haemaphysalis leachi group (1.7%) and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (1.7%) were found whenever dogs were sampled suggesting these could be widespread throughout the country. The study confirmed the continued limited distribution of Amblyomma variegatum (3.3%) in the north central parts of the country, whereas A. hebraeum was found to have a wide distribution also encroaching areas of high rainfall and lower temperatures where it was not previously recorded. A parapatric relationship existed between these two Amblyomma species. Rhipicephalus appendiculatus was also widely distributed although its presence was dominant in the cooler and wetter parts of the country. The traditionally held view that Hyalomma species and R. evertsi evertsi can survive well under diverse conditions is upheld in this study. Rhipicephalus microplus was also present in dry regions but its adaptability to these regions requires further investigation.

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“…(B.) microplus has been described before (Tonnesen, et al 2004, Madder, et al 2011, De Clercq, et al 2012, Nyangiwe, et al 2013 has not yet been found in Niger (Parola et al 2001 (De Clercq, et al 2012).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

First Evidence of an Established Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus Population In Nigeria

Adedayo¹,

Olukunle²

2018

AJVS

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Key words:Nigeria; Rhipicephalus microplus; cattle tick; Amblyomma variegatum, cattle Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ("Cattle tick") is an important vector of livestockdiseases in (sub)-tropical regions, resistant to common acaricides. In 2013, 234 feeding ticks were collected in Ogun State in south-western Nigeria from cattle herds (121 cows) and the vegetation (n=15). Molecular species identification based on 16S rRNA revealed that 42.3% of feeding ticks were R. microplus (n=99), 41% Amblyomma variegatum (n=96) and less than 1% R. annulatus and R. geigyi. These results were confirmed using Cytochrome C oxidase I sequencing. 15.8% ticks (n=37) that clustered separately (cluster I) could not be identified as a result of missing reference sequences. R. microplus was found (for the first time in Nigeria) in 17 of 21 herds (80.9%). Cluster 1 ticks were found in about half of the herds (47.6%). The majority of ticks collected from the vegetation were R. microplus (46.7%, n=7). Only immature R. microplus were collected from the vegetation (85.7%, larvae; 14% nymphs). Verifiable evidence suggests that R. microplus has successfully present established a viable population in south-western Nigeria probably engendered by uncontrolled trade and movement of livestock across Borders. The discovery of this species in Nigeria must have occurred only recently, as R. microplus was not priorly found the same area in 2009 or in central Nigeria in 2010. The displacement of indigenous tick species with no vector competence for B. bovis (e.g. R. decoloratus, R. evertsi) by the competent vector species R. microplus leads to an increased risk of infection for cattle.

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Displacement of Rhipicephalus decoloratus by Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

Cited by 62 publications

References 18 publications

Communal farmers’ perceptions of tick-borne diseases affecting cattle and investigation of tick control methods practiced in Zimbabwe

Communal farmers’ perceptions of tick-borne diseases affecting cattle and investigation of tick control methods practiced in Zimbabwe

An update on the ecological distribution of the Ixodidae ticks in Zimbabwe

First Evidence of an Established Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus Population In Nigeria

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