Disposable Voltammetric Immunosensors Integrated with Microfluidic Platforms for Biomedical, Agricultural and Food Analyses: A Review

Abstract

Disposable immunosensors are analytical devices used for the quantification of a broad variety of analytes in different areas such as clinical, environmental, agricultural and food quality management. They detect the analytes by means of the strong interactions between antibodies and antigens, which provide concentration-dependent signals. For the herein highlighted voltammetric immunosensors, the analytical measurements are due to changes in the electrical signals on the surface of the transducers. The possibility of using disposable and miniaturized immunoassays is a very interesting alternative for voltammetric analyses, mainly, when associated with screen-printing technologies (screen-printed electrodes, SPEs), and microfluidic platforms. The aim of this paper is to discuss a carefully selected literature about different examples of SPEs-based immunosensors associated with microfluidic technologies for diseases, food, agricultural and environmental analysis. Technological aspects of the development of the voltammetric immunoassays such as the signal amplification, construction of paper-based microfluidic platforms and the utilization of microfluidic devices for point-of-care testing will be presented as well.

Emerging Trends in Microfluidics Based Devices

“…MFs technology can be envisaged as the major economic driving force benefiting farmers as well as consumers with its new innovative solutions to the problems like crop protection and improvement, nutrient monitoring, and enrichment. [ 79,80 ] MFs technology has been used for precision agriculture by revolutionizing genotyping, phenotyping, and nutrient monitoring of plants through integration of different steps like sample preparation, amplification, and detection into one single unit using various methodologies ( Figure 3 A).…”

An Ultrasensitive Photoluminescent Immunosensing of Lipovitellin by Using N-doped Graphene Quantum Dots

“…Immuno-sensors possess some unique advantages, such as intrinsic specificities, high sensitivity, free of interference from scattered light, and low cost [13][14][15], rendering them more suitable for detection of estrogeneous chemicals in complex environmental conditions than other sensors. Immunosensing strategy is the most widely used method in biomolecular detection.…”

Ultrasensitive Fluorescent “ON-OFF” Label-Free Immunosensor for Detection of Vitellogenin of Marine Medaka

“…Since males and juveniles do not normally produce Vtg unless they are exposed to exogenous estrogens, induction of Vtg in males and juveniles can indicate exposure levels of EEs [16]. The reaction between antigen and antibody is highly specific, and antibodies can recognize antigens in many substances specifically [17,18]. Therefore, highly specific immunosensors can be well-used to detect Vtg content in complex environments.…”