Disposal of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) by grinding assisted with sodium persulfate

Yan, Xue Hui; Liu, Xitao; Qi, Chengdu; Lin, Chunye; Li, Peizhong; Wang, Haijian

doi:10.1039/c7ra02689g

Cited by 19 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(26 reference statements)

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“…Nevertheless, addition of strong bases or electron donors (e.g., Fe) has been proved to remarkably accelerate persulfate cleavage kinetics and, consequently, target organics mineralization rate. Experiments on hexabromocyclododecane MCD (Figure 4b) [35] revealed that the meager debromination capability of persulfate could be markedly improved by addition of $20% NaOH. Then, excessive NaOH interfered with sulfate generation (likely by reacting with sulfate radical), reducing the debromination rate to levels close to those obtainable by treatment with sole NaOH.…”

Section: àmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nonthermal Mechanochemical Destruction of POPs

Cagnetta¹,

Vakili²

2022

Environmental Sciences

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The present chapter is dedicated to all relevant theoretical and application aspects of mechanochemical destruction technology for mineralization of POPs, both stockpiled ones and as contaminants in environmental and waste matrices. It will show that such solid-state technology, realized by high energy milling of POPs with a co-milling solid reagent, can achieve complete mineralization of haloorganics into graphitic/amorphous carbon, carbon oxides, and halides; it takes place at near environmental temperature, thus limiting unintentional formation of dioxins (if treatment conditions are selected carefully); and, in some cases, it can be used to produce useful materials instead of just detoxified waste. The chapter will also give a comprehensive picture of complex mechanochemical destruction mechanism, including mechanochemical activation of the co-milling reagent and the cascade of radical reactions that cause POP molecules mineralization. Finally, technological and economic considerations will be provided, which corroborate the validity and feasibility of the mechanochemical destruction as an effective and safe technology to treat POPs.

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Section: àmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 4.Influence of multi-reagent composition on two MCD systems: (a) hexachlorobenzene high-energy milled withFe-SiO 2[17], and (b) hexabromocyclododecane high-energy milled with Na 2 S 2 O 8 -NaOH[35].…”

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confidence: 99%

Nonthermal Mechanochemical Destruction of POPs

Cagnetta¹,

Vakili²

2022

Environmental Sciences

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“…Previous reports have shown that TCPP is both carcinogenic and teratogenic and accumulates in the liver and kidneys, resulting in a decrease of the number of cells and a change in neurotransmitters (Hoffman et al, 2014). Mechanochemical (MC) destruction is an effective and environmentally friendly method of removing chlorinated organic pollutants (Yan et al, 2017). Unlike photocatalytic and microbial degradation (Jurgens et al, 2014, Ruan et al, 2013, MC degradation is inexpensive, rapid, efficient, produces harmless degradation products (Cagnetta et al, 2016) and has been used for the degradation of persistent organic pollutants (Veen & Boer, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Metals and metal oxides have been used as co-milling reagents to enhance the efficiency of the MC process in ball-milling (Fan et al, 2018, Yan et al, 2017. As a strong oxide, persulfate is widely used in the degradation of organic matter.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation of tris(1-chloro-2-propanyl) phosphate by the synergistic effect of persulfate and zero-valent iron during a mechanochemical process

Qiao

Yang

Qian

et al. 2022

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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This study revealed a dual pathway for the degradation of tris (1-chloro-2-propanyl) phosphate (TCPP) by zero-valent iron (ZVI) and persulfate as co-milling agents in a mechanochemical (MC) process. Persulfate was activated with ZVI to degrade TCPP in a planetary ball mill. After milling for 2 h, 96.5% of the TCPP was degraded with the release of 63.16, 50.39 and 42.01% of the Cl − , SO4 2− and PO4 3− , respectively. In the first degradation pathway, persulfate was activated with ZVI to produce hydroxyl (•OH) radicals and ZVI is oxidized to Fe(Ⅱ) and Fe(Ⅲ). A substitution reaction occurred as a result of the attack of •OH on the P-O-C bonds, leading to the successive breakage of the three P-O-C bonds in TCPP to produce PO4 3− . In the second pathway, a C-Cl bond in part of the TCPP molecule was oxidized by SO4• − to carbonyl and carboxyl groups. The P-O-C bonds continued to react with •OH to produce PO4 3− . Finally, the intermediate organochloride products were further reductively dechlorinated by ZVI.However, the synergistic effect of the oxidation (•OH and SO4• − ) and the reduction reaction (ZVI) did not completely degrade TCPP to CO2, resulting in a low mineralization rate (35.87%). Moreover, the intermediate products still showed the toxicities in LD50 and developmental toxicant. In addition, the method was applied for the degradation of TCPP in soil, and high degradations (>83.83%) were achieved in different types of soils.

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“…Also, persulfate can be activated by MC process with NaOH or CaO to degrade organic pollutants (Fan et al, 2020, Yan et al, 2015. Previous studies have shown that zero-valent iron (ZVI), Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ can activate persulfate (Oh et al, 2009, Wei et al, 2016, Yan et al, 2017. Under the action of free radicals, the C-Cl bonds of organic pollutants are broken and organic substances gradually become inorganic substances, eventually resulting in mineralization (Cagnetta et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation of Tris(1-chloro-2-propanyl) Phosphate by the Synergistic Effect of Persulfate and Zero-valent Iron During a Mechanochemical Process

Qiao

Yang

Qian

et al. 2021

Preprint

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This study revealed a dual pathway for the degradation of tris (1-chloro-2-propanyl) phosphate (TCPP) by zero-valent iron (ZVI) and persulfate as co-milling agents in a mechanochemical (MC) process. Persulfate was activated with ZVI to degrade TCPP in a planetary ball mill. After milling for 2 h, 96.5% of the TCPP was degraded with the release of 63.16, 50.39 and 42.01% of the Cl−, SO42− and PO43−, respectively. In the first degradation pathway, persulfate was activated with ZVI to produce hydroxyl (·OH) radicals and ZVI is oxidized to Fe(Ⅱ) and Fe(Ⅲ). A substitution reaction occurred as a result of the attack of ·OH on the P–O–C bonds, leading to the successive breakage of the three P–O–C bonds in TCPP to produce PO43−. In the second pathway, a C–Cl bond in part of the TCPP molecule was oxidized by SO4·− to carbonyl and carboxyl groups. The P–O–C bonds continued to react with ·OH to produce PO43−. Finally, the intermediate organochloride products were further reductively dechlorinated by ZVI. However, the synergistic effect of the oxidation (·OH and SO4·−) and the reduction reaction (ZVI) did not completely degrade TCPP to CO2, resulting in a low mineralization rate (35.87%). Moreover, the intermediate products still showed the toxicities in LD50 and developmental toxicant. In addition, the method was applied for the degradation of TCPP in soil, and high degradations (>83.83%) were achieved in different types of soils.Speciality: Phosphorus flame retardants; Advanced oxidation process; Ball milling

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Disposal of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) by grinding assisted with sodium persulfate

Abstract: Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) has been widely used as a flame retardant in polystyrene and textiles, and is ubiquitous in all kinds of environmental media.

Cited by 19 publications

References 26 publications

Nonthermal Mechanochemical Destruction of POPs

Nonthermal Mechanochemical Destruction of POPs

Degradation of tris(1-chloro-2-propanyl) phosphate by the synergistic effect of persulfate and zero-valent iron during a mechanochemical process

Degradation of Tris(1-chloro-2-propanyl) Phosphate by the Synergistic Effect of Persulfate and Zero-valent Iron During a Mechanochemical Process

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