Disposal of products and materials containing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): A cyclical problem

Stoiber, Tasha; Evans, Sydney; Naidenko, Olga V.

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127659

Cited by 160 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 107 publications

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“…Shorter homologues, like perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), are currently under study to better understand their environmental and human health effects [ 7 , 8 ], and it is likely that restriction proposals that were recently posted by some EU countries will come into force in the near future. On the other hand, polymeric PFASs are a potential source of non-polymeric PFASs and bioavailable small particles [ 9 , 10 ]. Fluoropolymers, like PTFE and PVDF in the form of emulsions or fine powders, are manufactured using non-polymeric PFASs as processing aids that can be released to the environment during their entire life-cycle, which is, manufacture, application on fabrics (manufacture of finished articles), use, and disposal [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biobased Waterborne Polyurethane-Urea/SWCNT Nanocomposites for Hydrophobic and Electrically Conductive Textile Coatings

Lacruz

Salvador²,

Blanco

et al. 2021

Polymers

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Waterborne polyurethane-urea dispersions (WPUD), which are based on 100% bio-based semi-crystalline polyester polyol and isophorone diisocyanate, have been successfully synthesized and doped with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) to obtain a finishing agent that provides textiles with multifunctional properties. The chemical structure of WPUD has been characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The thermal properties have been evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). Mechanical properties have been studied by tensile stress–strain analysis. Moreover, the particle size, particle size distribution (PSD), and stability of developed waterborne dispersions have been assessed by dynamic light scattering (DLS), Z-potential, and accelerated aging tests (analytical centrifugation). Subsequently, selected fabrics have been face-coated by the WPUD using knife coating method and their properties have been assessed by measuring water contact angle (WCA), water column, fabric stiffness, and air permeability. The electrical conductivity of textiles coated with SWCNT-doped WPUD has been evaluated by EN 1149 standard. Finally, the surface morphologies of uncoated and coated fabrics have been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All of the synthesized polyurethane-ureas provide the coated substrates with remarkable water-repellency and water column, being therefore a more sustainable alternative to waterproof coatings based on fluoropolymers, such as PTFE. The additivation of the polymeric matrices with SWCNT has led to textile coatings with excellent electrical conductivity, maintaining water column properties, giving rise to multifunctional coatings that are highly demanded in protective workwear and technical textiles.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biobased Waterborne Polyurethane-Urea/SWCNT Nanocomposites for Hydrophobic and Electrically Conductive Textile Coatings

Lacruz

Salvador²,

Blanco

et al. 2021

Polymers

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“…This sludge, however, is eventually removed from the WWTP and is often used as organic soil amendment which has been shown to contribute to the contamination of soil and agricultural crops [52]. Sewage sludge, AFFFs, textiles, and other PFAS-containing products are also routinely disposed of at incineration facilities [53][54][55][56]. It is unclear whether PFAS are released to the atmosphere in their original state during incineration; however, the release of lower-molecular-mass PFAS products has been reported [56].…”

Section: Direct Sources Of Legacy Pfasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because these facilities receive waste from numerous different inputs, PFAS burdens at landfills can be extremely high and diverse. For example, after municipal sewage and industrial wastewater is treated at WWTPs, the sewage sludge produced is often disposed of directly in landfills if it is not incinerated or used for agricultural soil amendment [54,64]. Ash produced from the incineration of sewage sludge and other PFAS-containing waste products is also routinely discarded in landfills.…”

Section: Landfills As Direct and Indirect Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Legacy and Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: Analytical Techniques, Environmental Fate, and Health Effects

Brase

Mullin

Spink

2021

IJMS

184

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Due to their unique chemical properties, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been used extensively as industrial surfactants and processing aids. While several types of PFAS have been voluntarily phased out by their manufacturers, these chemicals continue to be of ecological and public health concern due to their persistence in the environment and their presence in living organisms. Moreover, while the compounds referred to as “legacy” PFAS remain in the environment, alternative compounds have emerged as replacements for their legacy predecessors and are now detected in numerous matrices. In this review, we discuss the historical uses of PFAS, recent advances in analytical techniques for analysis of these compounds, and the fate of PFAS in the environment. In addition, we evaluate current biomonitoring studies of human exposure to legacy and emerging PFAS and examine the associations of PFAS exposure with human health impacts, including cancer- and non-cancer-related outcomes. Special focus is given to short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and ether-substituted, polyfluoroalkyl alternatives including hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA; tradename GenX), 4,8-dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoic acid (DONA), and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroethersulfonic acid (6:2 Cl-PFESA; tradename F-53B).

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“…Source water evaluation for PFAS is also a current topic (AWWA, 2020;Nakayama et al, 2010;Schultz et al, 2004). DW supplies have become increasingly vulnerable to PFAS contamination from industrial discharges (Hu et al, 2016;Nakayama et al, 2007), firefighting activities (Backe et al, 2013;Place & Field, 2012), wastewater (WW) discharges (Schultz et al, 2006;Zareitalabad et al, 2013), landfill leachates (Huset et al, 2011), biosolids used as fertilizer (Lindstrom, Strynar, Delinsky, et al, 2011;Washington et al, 2010), or air emissions (Stoiber et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An interlaboratory study on EPA methods 537.1 and 533 for per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substance analyses

et al. 2021

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The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Methods 537.1 and 533 were developed for analysis of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in drinking water. They have been also widely used for source water assessments. However, there are few studies reportedly supporting such applications. The main purpose of this interlaboratory study was to evaluate the performance of these two methods for use with both potable and nonpotable waters. The

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Disposal of products and materials containing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): A cyclical problem

Cited by 160 publications

References 107 publications

Biobased Waterborne Polyurethane-Urea/SWCNT Nanocomposites for Hydrophobic and Electrically Conductive Textile Coatings

Biobased Waterborne Polyurethane-Urea/SWCNT Nanocomposites for Hydrophobic and Electrically Conductive Textile Coatings

Legacy and Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: Analytical Techniques, Environmental Fate, and Health Effects

An interlaboratory study on EPA methods 537.1 and 533 for per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substance analyses

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